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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 > MODULE 10- Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

MODULE 10- Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

projections to the basal ganglia come from the ____

A

cerebral cortex

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2
Q

**striatum includes what 2 things

A

-caudate
-putamen

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3
Q

striatum includes what 3 things

A

-caudate + putamen (motor)
-nucleus accumbens (non-motor)

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4
Q

medium spiny neurons of the striatum receive input from what 3 structures

A

-cortex
-thalamus
-brainstem structures

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5
Q

striatum -> ____

A

pallidum

(globus pallidus (GP) and substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr))

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6
Q

subregions of stratium + pallidum have what

A

bilateral parts (R/L)

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7
Q

subregions of stratium

A

-caudate
-putamen

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8
Q

subregions of pallidum

A

-globus pallidus, external + internal segments
-midbrain
-substantia nigra pars compacta
-substantia nigra pars reticulata

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9
Q

**motor components of the basal ganglia

A

stratium:
-caudate
-putamen

pallidum:
-globus pallidus, external + internal segments
-midbrain
-substantia nigra pars compacta
-substantia nigra pars reticulata

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10
Q

caudate + putamen are what

A

the “input zone” or starting point of the basal ganglia

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11
Q

sources of input of basal ganglia (2)

A

-corticostriatal pathways (from nearly all regions of the cerebral cortex)
-brainstem inputs from the substantia nigra pars compacta

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12
Q

striatum =

A

caudate + putament

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13
Q

**GABA is excitatory/inhibitory

A

inhibitory

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14
Q

glutamate is excitatory/inhibitory

A

excitatory

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15
Q

____ is found in the stratium

A

GABAergic medium spiny neurons

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16
Q

**striatum + pallidum are GABAergic/glutamate

A

GABAergic
-aka inhibitory

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17
Q

major outputs structures of the basal ganglia (2)

A

-globus pallidus internal segment
-substantia nigra pars reticulata

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18
Q

both outputs of basal ganglia (globus pallidus internal segment + substantia nigra pars reticulata) make excitatory/inhibitory connections on their targets

A

inhibitory
-GABAergic

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19
Q

pallidum = ____ + ____

A

-globus pallidus
-substantia nigra pars reticulata

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20
Q

excitatory/inhibitory connection between the striatum + the GPi + GPe

A

inhibitory

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21
Q

excitatory/inhibitory connection between the striatum + the SNpr

A

inhibitory

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22
Q

excitatory/inhibitory connection between the GPe + the subthalamic nucleus

A

inhibitory

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23
Q

excitatory/inhibitory connections between the subthalamic nucleus onto globus pallidus + SNpr

A

excitatory
-this is the ONLY purely excitatory pathway among the intrinsic pathways of the basal ganglia

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24
Q

the direct pathways of the basal ganglia have a net excitatory/inhibitory effect on thalamic neurons

A

excitatory
-which in turn, the thalamic neurons make excitatory connections onto cortical neurons

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25
Q

direct pathways/thalamic neurons play a role in movement initiation by doing what

A

reducing inhibition

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26
Q

how do basal ganglia influence movement

A

by regulaing the activity of upper motor neuronal circuits

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27
Q

main output from the basal ganglia is excitatory/inhibitory

A

inhibitory (GABAergic)

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28
Q

inhibit an inhibitory neuron =

A

excitatory

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29
Q

____ circuit via a chain of neurons

A

disinhibitory

30
Q

see slide 10

A
31
Q

evidence from studies of eye movements- the basal ganglia influence movement by regulating the activity of upper motor neuronal circuits

A

-the basal ganglia disinhibits the generation of saccadic eye movements
-cerebral cortex excitatory input to caudate medium spiny neurons -> inhibit inhibitory (GABAergic) SNpr neurons -> superior colliculus upper motor neurons excited
-the basal ganglia initiates movement by inhibiting competing or non-synergistic motor programs that would interfere with sensory-driven or goal-directed behaviors

32
Q

reduction in tonic discharge from reticulata neurons ____ upper motor neurons of the superior colliculus, allowing them to generate the burst of APs that command the saccade

A

disinhibits

33
Q

what is the main recipient of afferents to the basal ganglia

A

striatum

34
Q

the destination of the incoming axons from the cortex are onto dendrites of a class of cells called ____

A

medium spiny neurons

35
Q

axons from medium spiny neurons converge on neurons in ____ + ____

A

-substantia nigra pars reticulata
-globus pallidus

36
Q

what are the 2 major output structures of the basal ganglia

A

-globus pallidus internal segment (GPi)
-substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)

both of these structures make GABAergic, inhibitory connections on their targets

37
Q

the net effect of the ____ inputs that reach the striatum from the cortex is to ____ the ____ inhibitory cells of the globus pallidus + sustantia nigra pars reticulata

A

-phasic excitatory
-disinhibit
-tonically active

38
Q

2 sets of circuits of basal ganglia

A

-direct pathway
-indirect pathway

39
Q

direct pathway serves to

A

release upper motoneurons from tonic inhibition
-facilitates movement

40
Q

indirect pathway serves to

A

increase the tonic level of inhibition
-inhibits movement

41
Q

direct pathway of basal ganglia system

A

caudate/putamen ->
GP internal segment ->
VA/VL thalamus ->
frontal cortex

42
Q

indirect pathway of basal ganglia system

A

caudate/putamen ->
GP external segment ->
subthalamic nucleus ->
GP internal segment ->
VA/VL thalamus ->
frontal cortex

43
Q

indirect + direct pathway ____

A

oppose each other
-EXCEPT when dopamine is released onto the striatal medium spiny neurons, results in synergistic activity

44
Q

focused selection of circuits in the basal ganglia system

A

suppress competing motor programs that could interfere with the expression of sensory-driven or goal-directed behaviors

45
Q

circuits of basal ganglia system are organized in what fashion

A

center-surround
-direct pathway tightly focused on GP internal segment + SNpr
-indirect pathway highly diffuse covering a broad array of functional units

46
Q

what does dopamine facilitate

A

the expression of movement

47
Q

how does dopamine modulate basal ganglia circuits

A

by increasing/decreasing the excitability of medium spiny neurons

48
Q

striatal medium spiny neurons project to the ____

A

substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)

49
Q

what does dopamine’s ability to increase or decrease excitability depend on

A

receptor type
-D1 or D2

50
Q

excitatory inputs to the spiny cells that project to the INTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS (direct pathwy) use what receptors

A

D1 dopamine receptors

51
Q

inhibitory inputs to the spiny cells that project to the EXTERNAL GLOBUS PALLIDUS (indirect pathway) using what receptors

A

D2 dopamine receptors

52
Q

D1 dopamine receptors = excitatory/inhibitory

A

excitatory

53
Q

D2 dopamine receptors = excitatory/inhibitory

A

inhibitory

54
Q

hypokinetic movement disorder

A

Parkinson’s disease

55
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

-loss of dopamine-producing neurons and transient inhibition from caudate + putamen causes failure of disinhibition
-spinal signals are not as strong causing failure of disinhibition

56
Q

pathways behind Parkinson’s disease

A

-loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the SNpc and neighboring ventral tegmentum -> loss of nigrostriatal pathway
-loss of the transient inhibition from the caudate and putamen to the GP internal segment (direct pathway) -> decreasing thalamic excitation of the motor cortex (hypokinetic)

57
Q

hypokinetic

A

reduction in movement

58
Q

in Parkinson’s disease what degenerates

A

substantia nigra

59
Q

substantia nigra is Latin for what

A

black substance

60
Q

Parkinson’s disease tips the balance in favor of activity in the direct/indirect pathway

A

indirect

61
Q

hyperkinetic movement disorder

A

Huntington’s disease

62
Q

how is Huntingon’s disease inherited

A

autosomally dominant inheritance

63
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

atrophy of primarily the caudate + putamen + secondarily, frontal + temporal cortices

64
Q

Huntingon’s disease pathway

A

loss of D2-expressing medium spiny neurons ->

higher excitability of GP external segment ->

decreases excitation of subthalamic nucleus to the GP internal segment ->

overall decrease in inhibitory output from the basal ganglia

65
Q

selective loss of striatal neurons in the indirect pathway tips the balance in favor of the direct/indirect pathway

A

direct pathway

66
Q

reduced movement in Parkinson’s disease/Huntington’s disease

A

Parkinson’s disease

67
Q

excessive movement in Parkinson’s disease/Huntington’s disease

A

Huntington’s disease

68
Q

Huntington’s disease causes excessive movements in ____

A

hemiballismus
-damage to the subthalamic nucleus

69
Q

system forms a loop that originates from

A

most parts of the cortex

70
Q

enormous convergence in ____

A

basal ganglia

71
Q

project back up to ____ + ____

A

premotor + motor cortex

72
Q

how does basal ganglia regulate movement

A

by releasing movement via the direct pathway + focusing movements by the indirect pathway

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 (12 decks)

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