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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 > MODULE 11- Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum > Flashcards

MODULE 11- Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum constitutes ____% of the total brain volume

A

10%
-but contained more than 1/2 of the brain’s neurons

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2
Q

T/F: the cerebellum projects directly to the motor neurons of the spinal cord

A

false

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3
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A

modifies movement by regulating upper motor neurons in regions such as the motor cortex

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4
Q

cerebellum is mode up of a ____ and ____

A

-cerebellar cortex
-deep cerebellar nuclei

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5
Q

the cerebellum is thought to play a role in what 3 things

A

-motor learning
-error correctino
-sensory-motor integration

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6
Q

how many subdivisions of cerebellum

A

3

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7
Q

3 subdivisions of the cerebellum

A

-cerebrocerebellum
-spinocerebellum
-vestibulocerebellum

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8
Q

cerebrocerebellum receives input from

A

cerebral cortex (via pons)

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9
Q

what is cerebrocerebellum responsible for

A

highly skilled movements (ex: speech)

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10
Q

spinocerebellum receives input from

A

medial, directly from spinal cord

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11
Q

vermis

A

most median strip of spinocerebellum

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12
Q

what is the vermis (median strip) of spinocerebellum responsible for

A

-posture
-locomotion
-eye movements

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13
Q

what is the paramedian part of spinocerebellum responsible for

A

movements of distal muscles

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14
Q

vestibulocerebellum receives input from

A

vestibular nuclei

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15
Q

what is vestibulocerebellum responsible for

A

-balance
-vestibular reflexes
-eye movements

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16
Q

see slide 4 for labeled image of 3 major subdivisions (spinocerebellum, cerebrocerebellum, vestibulocerebellum)

A
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17
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

thick tracts connecting the cerebellum with the rest of the CNS

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18
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

project to the upper motor neurons in the motor and premotor cortices via thalamus

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19
Q

3 pathways between the cerebellum and other CNS

A

-superior
-middle
-inferior
cerebellar peduncles^

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20
Q

3 types of deep cerebellar nuclei

A

-fastigial nucleus
-interposed nuclei
-dentate nucleus

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21
Q

ALL output from the cerebellum is via

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

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22
Q

how many axons in cerebellum

A

20 million axons

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23
Q

how many axons in optic tract

A

1 million

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24
Q

how many axons in corticospinal

A

0.5 million

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25
Q

MCP provides input/output

A

input ONLY

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26
Q

input to middle cerebellar peduncle

A

pontine nuclei

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27
Q

output of middle cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebellar cortex/deep nuclei

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28
Q

input to inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

inferior olive

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29
Q

output of inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

cerebellar cortex/deep nuclei

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30
Q

inferior olive is responsible for

A

learning and memory tasks

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31
Q

2 sensory inputs to cerebellum

A

-spinal cord
-vestibular nuclei

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32
Q

what is the largest input to cerebellum

A

cerebral cortex

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33
Q

how does cerebral cortex travel through cerebellum

A

travels contralaterally through middle cerebellar peduncle

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34
Q

what is responsible for error signal for learning

A

inferior olive

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35
Q

how does sensory input travel through inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

ipsilaterally

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36
Q

how is the cerebellum organized

A

somatotopically (based on body parts)
-these maps are “fractured” with multiple representations
-see slide 9 for image

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37
Q

cerebellar hemispheres coordinate movement of the ipsilateral/contralateral body

A

ipsilateral

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38
Q

cerebrocerebellum goes to which deep cerebellar nuclei

A

dentate nucleus
-which goes to premotor cortex (motor planning and motor learning)

39
Q

spinocerebellum goes to what deep cerebellar nuclei

A

interposed and fastigial nuclei
-which goes to motor cortex and brainstem (motor execution)

40
Q

vestibulocerebellum goes to what deep cerebellar nuclei

A

vestibular nucleus
-which goes to lower motor neurons in spinal cord and brainstem (balance and vestibulo-ocular regulation)

41
Q

what body part does superior colliculus involve

A

eyes

42
Q

dentate and interposed axons exit cerebellum via

A

superior cerebellar peduncle
-and cross the midline before they synapse with the thalamus/superior colliculus

43
Q

eye movement-related neurons in superior colliculus receive input from

A

contralateral cerebellar cortex via the upper cerebellar peduncle

44
Q
A
45
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle sends information up/down

A

UP

46
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle sends information up/down

A

to brainstem and DOWN

47
Q

the gastigial nuclei project via ____ to ____

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle to the upper motor neurons that control axia and proximal limb muscles

48
Q

inferior cerebellar peduncle primarily contains which fibers

A

afferents + efferents
-afferent fibers from the vestibular nuclei and spinal cord
-as well as efferents to the vestibular nuclei and reticular formation

49
Q

middle cerebellar peduncle primarily contains which fibers

A

afferents
-afferents from the contralateral pontine nuclei

50
Q

superior cerebellar peduncle primarily contains what fibers

A

efferent
-efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and superior colliculus

51
Q

neurons in the cerebellar cortex are organized into how many layers

A

3 layers

52
Q

deepest layer of cerebellar cortex

A

granular layer

53
Q

granular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

input layer
-deepest layer
-contains 100 billion granule cells that give rise to axons called parallel fibers that ascend to outermost molecular layer

54
Q

middle layer of cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cell layer

55
Q

purkinje cell layer of cerebellar cortex

A

output layer
-middle layer
-dendrites of purkinje cells extend upward into the molecular layer where they receive input from a large number of parallel fibers

56
Q

output of purkinje cells is to

A

deep cerebellar nuclei

57
Q

outermost layer of cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer

58
Q

molecular layer of cerebellar cortex

A

outmost layer
-important processing layer

59
Q

processing layer of cerebellar cortex

A

molecular layer

60
Q

output layer of cerebellar cortex

A

purkinje cell layer

61
Q

input layer of cerebellar cortex

A

granule cell layer

62
Q

5 cell types in cerebellar cortex

A

-granule (+)
-golgi (-)
-purkinje (-)
-stellate (-)
-basket (-)

63
Q

circuits wtihin the cerebellum

A

-purkinje neuron
-mossy fibers
-granule cells
-climbing fibers
-basket, stellate, golgi cells

64
Q

purkinje neuron

A

ultimate afferent destination for cerebellar cortex

65
Q

mossy fibers

A

a major source of input from brainstem and spinal cord

66
Q

granule cells give rise to

A

parallel fibers

67
Q

climbing fibers of inferior olive synapse onto

A

purkinje cells

68
Q

basket, stellate, and golgi cells are all inhibitiory/excitatory input to purkinje

A

inhibitiory

69
Q

2 inputs to cerebellum

A

-mossy fibers
-climbing fibers

70
Q

mossy fibers

A

-arise from cell bodies in the pontine nuclei, brainstem, and spinal cord
-synapse (excitatory) onto granule cells, which give rise to parallel fibers which have excitatory synapses onto the dendritic spines of the purkinje cells
-highly convergent- each purkinje neuron is contacted by 200,000 to 1 million granule cells

71
Q

climbing fibers

A

-arise from inferior olive
-contact purkinje cells directly; also excite the deep nuclei
-excitatory synapses onto purkinje cells
-each purkinje cell receives numerous synaptic contacts from 1 single climbing fiber

72
Q

where do purkinje cells project to

A

deep cerebellar nuclei
-these are the ONLY output cells of the cerebellar cortex

73
Q

what output from purkinje cells

A

GABAergic inhibitory output

74
Q

in the deep cerebellar nuclei, inhibitory inputs from purkinje cells converge with

A

excitatory inputs from mossy + climbing fibers

75
Q

how does cerebellum coordinate ongoing movement

A

by reducing motor error

76
Q

cerebellar circuitry and coordination of ongoing movement

A

-deep cerebellar cells and purkinje cells recognize potential errors by comparing convergent activity concurrently available to both cell types
-the potential for making errors can be experimentally induced

-ex: partial cutting of lateral rectus muscle in monkey eye -> cover the normal eye -> weak eye initially hypometric -> then, overtime, becomes hypermetric

77
Q

hypometric

A

person undershoots movement

78
Q

hypermetric

A

overshoots movements

79
Q

eyes and head move in what direction

A

opposite

80
Q

learned changes in vestibulo-ocular reflex in monkeys

A

normal vesitbulo-ocular reflex (VOR):
-head and eyes move in coordinated manner to keep image on retina

VOR out of register:
-eyes move too far in relation to image movement on the retina when the head moves

after several hours…

VOR gain reset:
-eyes move smaller distances in relation to head movement to compensate

81
Q

if cerebellum is damaged, does VOR adapt

A

no VOR adaptation if cerebellum is damaged

82
Q

what do lesions of cerbellum do

A

do not paralyze movement but result in large movement errors

83
Q

damage to cerebrocerebellum

A

deficits in coordination and visuomotor integration

84
Q

damage to vestibulocerebellum

A

impairs ability to stand upright and maintain direction of gaze

85
Q

damage to spinocerebellum

A

difficulty walking

86
Q

3 other signs of damage to cerebellum

A

-dysmetria
-action or intention tremors
-speech deficits

87
Q

dysmetria

A

over or under reaching a target

88
Q

motor + non-motor consequences of cerebellar lesions

A

chronic alcohol use can eventually degenerate the vermis ->
difficulty walking (wide and staggered gait)

89
Q

movement errors are on what side of the body relative to damage to cerebellum

A

same side

90
Q

dymetria

A

movement inaccuracy

91
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

difficulty performing rapid alternating movements

92
Q

3 typical defects observed in cerebellar diseases

A
  1. A lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere delays the initiation of movement. The patient is told to clench both hands at the same time on a “go” signal. The left hand is clenched later than the right, as is evident in the recordings from a pressure bulb transducer squeezed by the patient.
  2. A patient moving his arm from a raised position to touch the tip of his nose exhibits inaccuracy in range and direction (dysmetria) and moves his shoulder and elbow separately (decomposition of movement). Tremor increases as the finger approaches the nose.
  3. A subject was asked to alternately pronate and supinate the forearm while flexing and extending at the elbow as rapidly as possible. Position traces of the hand and forearm show the normal pattern of alternating movements and the irregular pattern typical of cerebellar disorder.
93
Q

ataxia

A

difficulty producing smooth, well-coordinated movement

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 (12 decks)

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