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MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 > MODULE 12- Cognitive Functions and the Organization of the Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

MODULE 12- Cognitive Functions and the Organization of the Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive functions are carried out by

A

association cortices

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2
Q

how many layers of neocortex

A

6 layers

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3
Q

cytoarchitectonic areas of neocortex

A

subregions based on histological differences
-the archiecture of neurons and their processes and connections
-much variability in cytoarchiectonic areas among species and individuals
-BRODMANN’S AREA

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4
Q

the human brain can be divided into ____ cytoarchitectonic areas based on histology

A

50

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5
Q

3 layers of cerebral cortex

A

-neuocortex
-paleocortex
-archiocortex

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6
Q

how many layers of paleocortex

A

3

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7
Q

how many layers of archiocortex

A

4

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8
Q

layer 1 of neocortex

A

mostly neuropil

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9
Q

layers 2 and 3 of neocortex

A

smaller pyramidal neurons with corticocortical connections

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10
Q

layer 4 of neocortex

A

stellate neurons with locally ramifying axons

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11
Q

layers 5 and 6 of neocortex

A

pyramidal neurons with exiting axons

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12
Q

similarites among the different cytoarchitectonic areas

A

-each cortical layer has primary source of input and a primary output target
-each area has vertical columnar or radial connections
-interneurons give rise to extensive axons that extend horizontally within the cortex and link functionally similar groups of cells

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13
Q

thalamic input to which layer

A

4

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14
Q

input from brainstem does what

A

modulates each layer

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15
Q

3 unique features of association cortices

A
  1. Inputs via the thalamus (e.g., pulvinar, medial dorsal nucleus) reflects sensory and motor info that has already been processed in the primary sensory and motor areas of cerebral cortex.
  2. Enriched corticocortical connections and interhemispheric connections.
  3. Enriched subcortical connections (i.e., dopaminergic nuclei in midbrain, noradrenergic and serotonergic nuclei in the reticular formation, and cholingergic nuclei in the brainstem and basal forebrain).
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16
Q

connectivity patterns wtihin cerebral cortex

A

implications for behavioral and psychiatric disorders
(ex: addiction, depression, attention deficit disorder, psychoses)

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17
Q

synesthesia

A

mixing of senses (ex: colored hearing, colored graphemes, or colored taste)
-in one of the most common forms of synesthesia, black and white letters or digits are perceived in assorted colors
-colored touch and smell have also been reported

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18
Q

potential cause of synesthesia

A

“miswiring” as new synaptic connections are established

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19
Q

parietal association cortex

A

attention and awareness

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20
Q

contralateral neglect syndrome

A

inability to attend to objects or even one’s own body, in a certain space, despite visual acuity, somatic sensation, and motor ability
-OPPOSITE the parietal lesion

21
Q

caveat of contralateral neglect syndrome

A

-associated with damage to the RIGHT parietal cortex
-right parietal cortex mediates attention to both the right and left halves of the body and extrapersonal space, whereas the LEFT hemisphere mediates attention primarily to the right, perhaps because of the left hemisphere’s devotion to language functions

22
Q

lest hemisptial neglect is caused by

A

damage to right inferior parietal lobe

23
Q

when are neurons in the parietal cortex activated

A

when the animal attends to a target, but not when the same target is ignored

24
Q

Balint’s syndrome

A

bilateral damage to dorsal posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortex

25
Q

Balint’s syndrome causes waht 3 things

A

-simultanagnosia
-optic ataxia
-ocular apraxia

26
Q

simultanagnosia

A

inability to perceive more than 1 visual object at a time

27
Q

optic ataxia

A

difficulty in visually guided reaching

28
Q

ocular apraxia

A

difficulty in voluntary scanning of visual scenes

29
Q

simultagnosia test

A

patients take a clearly piecemeal approach to interpreting the scene by reporting isolated items from the image
-for instance, a patient may report seeing a “boy,” “stool,” and a “woman”
-however, when asked to interpret the overall meaning of the picture, the patient fails to comprehend the global whole

30
Q

agnosias arise from

A

temporal lobe damage

31
Q

how do agnosias present

A

difficulty in identifying, naming, and recognizing objects

32
Q

right temporal lesions lead to agnosia for what

A

faces and objects

33
Q

left temporal lesions lead to what agnosia

A

difficulties with language-related material

34
Q

prospagnosia

A

arises from damage to the RIGHT inferotemporal cortex (ITC)

35
Q

how does prosopagnosia present

A

inability or difficulty in recognizing and identifying faces or people

36
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to recognize visual objects
-can copy visual stimuli
-cannot interpret, understand, or assign meaning to objects
-a patient with visual agnosia can see perfectly well but is no longer able to recognize or make sense of what he sees

37
Q

visual agnosia is caused by

A

damage to inferior left temporal cortex (IT)

38
Q

what mediates face recognition

A

inferior temporal cortex, particularly RIGHT fusiform gyrus

39
Q

frontal association cortex

A

planning and decision making

40
Q

damage to prefrontal cortex results in

A

behavioral and social problems, such as acting inappropriately to certain social circumstances

41
Q

damage to prefrontal cortex was seen in the famous case of

A

Phineas Gage
-metal rod went through skull
-dramatic effects on personality

42
Q

short term memory functions are situation ____ in the frontal lobe

A

dorsolateral

43
Q

planning and social restraint function are located ____ in the frontal lobe

A

ventromedial

44
Q

wisconsin card sorting task

A

to respond correctly, the subject must retain information about the previous trial, and then use it to guide behavior on future trials
-sort by color, shape, number

45
Q

activation in the ____ correlates with subjective preferences for soft drinks

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

46
Q

prefrontal cortex contributes to

A

planning adaptive behavior

47
Q

delayed response task

A

used to assess frontal lobe damage and determine whether short term memory is intact

48
Q

delayed task response used on monkeys

A
  1. food is placed in a randomly selected well visible to monkey
  2. screen is lowered and the food is covered for a standard time
  3. screen is raised and monkey uncovers the well containing the food

-the animal has to remember where the food is placed during the delay so that it can be used to get reward
-some neurons in the prefrontal cortex are activated maximally during the delay period

MOVEMENT NEUROSCIENCE EXAM 3 (12 decks)

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