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KIN 275 > Module 9 - Fat-Soluble Vitamins > Flashcards

Module 9 - Fat-Soluble Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What 5 areas do fat soluble vitamins have a role in?

A

bone health, growth and development, immune function, antioxidant defence, blood clotting

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2
Q

Is it more difficult to eliminate excess fat soluble vitamins?

A

yes, as they do not dissolve in water

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3
Q

Where does body store excess fat soluble vitamins?

A

liver and adipose tissue

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4
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins absorbed in small intestine?

A

fat soluble incorporated into micelles along with fat and absorbed into mucosal cell, then they are packaged into chylomicrons and enter the lymph before entering into blood

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5
Q

It is ___ to be deficient of fat soluble vitamins compared to water soluble vitamins

A

Harder

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6
Q

What is the precursor for Vitamin A, found in plant foods? Why is it not as good of a source of Vitamin A?

A

Carotenoids (eg. beta-carotene) - body must convert it to active forms if Vitamin A

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7
Q

The 3 active forms of Vitamin A are…
What are their functions?

A

Retinol - storage form of Vitamin A
Retinal - vital for eye health
Retinoic Acid - cell differentiation

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8
Q

Where are active forms of Vitamin A found?

A

Animal foods

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9
Q

Vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to…
What releases them from
protein?

A

proteins in food
pepsin releases A from protein

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10
Q

Carotenoids are absorbed just as well as preformed Vitamin A: true or false?

A

False

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11
Q

How is vitamin A transported from small intestine?

A

micelles>mucosal cell>chylomicrons>body tissues (bone marrow, blood cells, muscles)

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12
Q

Main storage site for Vitamin A is..

A

Liver

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13
Q

to move retinol from liver stores to tissues, must be bound to..

A

retinol binding protein

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14
Q

What active form of Vitamin A cannot be used to make the other forms of vitamin A?

A

retinoic acid

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15
Q

cleaving of Beta-carotene yields __ molecules of retinal

A

two

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16
Q

How much beta-carotene yields 1mg retinol?

A

12mg, beta-carotene does not absorb as well

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17
Q

How is vitamin A linked to healthy vision?

A

vitamin A is needed for the creation of Rhodopsin - needed to see in dark

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18
Q

Retinoic acid form of vitamin A affects..

A

cell function (changes gene expression)

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19
Q

Why is retinoic acid needed?

A

role in cell differentiation necessary for production, maturation and maintenance of epithelial tissue (skin, reproductive tracts, digestive linings)

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20
Q

How is Vitamin A involved in bone health?

A

helps produce bone cells needed for growth (too much can lead to bone loss and increased risk of fracture)

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21
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A is a threat to..

A

sight and overall health (bone etc.)

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22
Q

Why are children more susceptible to symptoms of Vitamin A deficiency then adults?

A

time of bone and reproductive growth

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23
Q

Vitamin A toxicity (typically from supplements) leads to..

A

blurred vision, muscle/joint plain, liver damage (site of storage)

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24
Q

Vitamin D is produced in..

A

skin from sun exposure

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25
Q

Dietary sources of Vitamin D include

A

fatty fish, cod liver oil, egg yolk

26
Q

What type of vitamin d formed by exposure to sun

A

D3

27
Q

What type of vitamin D absorbed from diet?

A

D2

28
Q

Where do changes in the form of Vitamin D occur in the body?

A

liver and then kidney, after these changes Vitamin D is in its active form

29
Q

Liver changes vitamin D3 to..

A

25 OH-D (inactive)

30
Q

Kidney changes 25 OH-D to…

A

1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (active hormone)

31
Q

Vitamin D is important for…

A

calcium and phosphorus regulation and thus bone health

32
Q

Other functions of vitamin D (not including bone health) include..

A

neuromuscular and immune health, reducing inflammation, reduce risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, asthma

33
Q

What are best sources of vitamin D?

A

in the summer-the sun!, salmon, milk (fortified)

34
Q

what populations more at risk for Vitamin D deficiency?

A

darker people, overweight people, drinking milk less than once a week

35
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin D in kids leads to…

A

rickets (bones do not develop properly due to lack of vitamin D and therefore calcium and phosphorus absorption)
soft bones, joints, muscle pain

36
Q

What children are most likely to develop rickets (vitamin d deficiency)?

A

breastfed (insufficient vitamin D in breastmilk), dark skin, minimal sun exposure / VitD intake

37
Q

What are examples of vitamin D deficiency in adults?

A
  • Osteomalacia (soft bones, bend and break easily) - low amount of calcuum due to covering of skin or intestinal diseases causing low absorption
  • osteoporosis (low bone strength, increases risk of fracture in hip, spine and wrist
38
Q

Vitamin D toxicity occurs from…

A

supplements (not from sun)

39
Q

Vitamin D toxicity leads to..

A

high blood calcium (hypercalcemia)
- nausea, vomitting, weakness
calcium deposit into soft tissue
- cardiovascular disease

40
Q

What form of Vitamin E is found in humans?

A

alpha-tocopherol

41
Q

Vitamin E is thought of primarily as a…

A

antioxidant

42
Q

Where is Vitamin E primarily stored?

A

90% stored in body fat (unlike A&D)

43
Q

What are roles of Vitamin E

A

prevents oxidation (may protect LDLc from oxidation), along with selenium protect cell membranes from oxidation

44
Q

What is Oxidative stress?

A

imbalance of prooxidant and antioxidant

45
Q

How does active vitamin E stop free radicals?

A

donates electrons to radical species (eg, free radical, lipid radical) making the electrons even and stopping free radicals from causing more damage

46
Q

How is inactive vitamin E reactivated?

A

vitamin c reactivates vitamin E

47
Q

Vitamin E “scavenges”..

A

free radicals from fat, proteins, dna and cholesterol

48
Q

Vitamin E is sensitive to

A

processing, O2,

49
Q

Vitamin E gets to liver through chylomicrons, where it forms part of…

A

VLDL and travels to tissues

50
Q

Deficiency of Vitamin E leads to..

A

nerve and muscle damage, loss of neuromuscular control, blindness

51
Q

Excess vitamin E leads to…

A

osteoporosis, however, adequate amounts of vitamin E can actually prevent osteoporosis

52
Q

Vitamin E toxicity leads to

A

blood thinning, fatal bleeding, interferes with vitamin K (blood clotting)

53
Q

Vitamin K is know for

A

danish word “koagulation” (blood clotting)

54
Q

True or false; without vitamin K you would bleed to death with a single cut

A

True,Vitamin K is essential for coagulation (clotting) of blood

55
Q

3 forms of Vitamin K are…

A

(K1): plant sources
(K2); animal sources and synthesized by gut microbiota
(K3): synthetic form

56
Q

What form of vitamin k is important for blood clotting?

A

K1

57
Q

What is needed for blood clotting to occur?

A

inactive clotting factors (some made by K1) and platelets, fibrin protein traps blood cells forming mesh

58
Q

What form of vitamin k is important for bone health?

A

K2, stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone breakdown, regulates body calcium and prevents deposits in soft tissue

59
Q

What is the different in the use of Vitamin K compared with A,D and E?

A

K is used rapidly, need constant supply-produced in bacteria in GI tract but not enough to meet needs

60
Q

Deficiency of K1 can lead to

A

bruising, hemorrhage due to impaired fat absorption or drug inhibition(antibiotics kill gut microbiota that make K)

61
Q

Deficient K2 leads to..

A

increased risk of bone fracture, blood vessel calcification

62
Q

Vitamin D is a vitamin as well as a

A

hormone

KIN 275 (13 decks)

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