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KIN 275 > Module 3 - Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Module 3 - Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system supplies fuel and building blocks by…

A
  1. taking in food
  2. breaking it down into nutrient molecules
  3. absorbing nutrient molecules into the bloodstream
  4. ridding the body of indigestible remains
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2
Q

What is anabolism?

A

process of building up complex macromolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids)

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3
Q

What is catabolism?

A

process of breaking down complex macromolecules into simple molecules

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4
Q

What subdivisions is the GI tract made up of? (OPESSL)

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Old pirates eagerly search sandy lands

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5
Q

What are the general functions of accessory organs?

A

produce saliva, bile, digestive enzymes to breakdown food

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6
Q

What are the 6 accessory organs?

A
  1. teeth
  2. tongue
  3. salivary glands
  4. liver
  5. gallbladder
  6. pancreas
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7
Q

The oral cavity works with what accessory organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands

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8
Q

The small intestine works with what accessory glands?

A

gallbladder, liver, pancreas

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9
Q

In the case of the digestive system, what is “transit time”?

A

amount of time it takes food to pass the length of GI tract

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10
Q

Digestive activity provoked by a range of ___ and ___ stimuli

A

chemical and mechanical

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11
Q

What is the function of chemical stimuli in digestive system?

A

activates glands that secret digestive juices into tract or hormones into blood

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12
Q

How are mechanical stimuli present in digestive system?

A

smooth muscles of GI tract walls are stimulated and mixes food

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13
Q

What is the purpose of food disassembly?

A

use food for energy and to build/repair/maintain new cells

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14
Q

Food is broken down by mechanical and chemical processes into ___ and then ___

A

polymers (Carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acids) and then monomers (sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides)

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15
Q

What are the 6 steps in which the GI tract and accessory organs work together to disassemble food and use it? (IPMCAE)

A
  1. ingestion
  2. propulsion
  3. mechanical breakdown
  4. chemical digestion
  5. absorption
  6. elimination

incredible processes make chewing anyhting enjoyable

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16
Q

What is the function of the Plica circulares layer of the GI tract?

A

folds increase SA for absorption

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17
Q

Where does mechanical breakdown of food happen?

A

stomach and oral cavity

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18
Q

Where does most of nutrient absorption happen?

A

small intestine

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19
Q

where does elimination of food occur?

A

large intestine

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20
Q

What are the 5 main layers of GI tract? (PMSMS)

A
  1. Plica circulares
  2. Mucosa
  3. Submucosa
  4. Muscularis externa
  5. Serosa
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21
Q

What is the function of Plica circulares layer in absorption in the GI tract?

A

it’s folds increase surface area for absorption

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22
Q

What is the function of Mucosa layer in absorption in the GI tract?

A

secretion of mucus, enzymes, hormones and it also absorbs nutrients

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23
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines GI tract in Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus and Anus?

A

Stratified squamous (because of mechanical stresses)

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24
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines GI tract in stomach, small and large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium (rich in mucus secreting cells, lots of absorption)

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25
Q

What does the Submucosa layer contain?

A

large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and elastic fibers

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26
Q

What is the use of the elastic fibers in the Submucosa layer of GI tract, specifically stomach ?

A

enable stomach to regain normal shape after storing large meal

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27
Q

Submucosa binds ___ to ___

A

Mucosa to Muscularis Externa

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28
Q

What type of cell is Muscularis externa?

A

smooth muscle cell

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29
Q

What is function of Serosa layer of GI tract?

A

protective covering of muscularis externa

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30
Q

Where is the Serosa (visceral peritoneum) not present?

A

oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, rectum

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31
Q

What accessory organs does the oral cavity include?

A

tongue, teeth, salivary glands

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32
Q

4 Functions of oral cavity?

A
  1. sensory analysis of food before swallowing
  2. mechanical processing
  3. lubrication
  4. some digestion of carbs and lipids
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33
Q

What is Mastication?

A

process of breaking down food in oral cavity and covering it with enzymes (salivary excretions)

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34
Q

What is saliva composed of?

A

99.4% water and 0.6% electrolytes, enzymes, antibodies

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35
Q

What is role of buffers in saliva?

A

keep it at around PH of 7 and prevent acid build up

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36
Q

What is role of Mucins in saliva?

A

give saliva it’s lubricating effect

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37
Q

What is the role of Antibodies in saliva?

A

control oral bacteria

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38
Q

What is role of enzymes (like salivary amylase) in Saliva?

A

initiate breakdown of carbohydrates

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39
Q

What is the functions of saliva?

A

it moistens and lubricates food in mouth before swallowing and initiates digestion of carbohydrates (via salivary amylase) and initiates breakdown of lipids (via lingual lipase)

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40
Q

What is the role of Lingual Lipase in oral cavity?

A

breakdown of lipids

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41
Q

Does absorption occur in oral cavity?

A

NO

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42
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

passage way for food, liquid, air from oral cavity into esophagus

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43
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

muscular propulsion of materials into esophagus

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44
Q

What is the function of Esophageal sphincter (end of esophagus)?

A

prevents heart burn

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45
Q

What is the role of Esophagus in digestion?

A

transports solid food and liquid to stomach

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46
Q

What is ingestion?

A

taking food into digestive tract via mouth

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47
Q

What is propulsion?

A

moving food through GI tract

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48
Q

Name and describe two forms of propulsion in digestion

A
  1. Swallowing - voluntary
  2. Peristalsis - involuntary waves of contraction/relaxation to squeeze food from one organ to another
49
Q

What is the role of the Stomach in digestion?

A

chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes and mechanical processing through contractions

50
Q

What is the empty volume of stomach?

A

50ml

51
Q

What is the capacity of stomach?

A

2-4L of food storage

52
Q

What is the name for ingested substances mixed with secretions of glands of stomach?

A

Chyme

53
Q

What is the role of Intrinsic Factor that is made in stomach?

A

required for small intestine to absorb vitamin B12

54
Q

Without B12, what illness will develop?

A

anemia

55
Q

How long does it take food to go through stomach?

A

about 4 hours

56
Q

Does the stomach have an extra layer in the GI tract? and if so, where?

A

Yes, in the muscularis externa

57
Q

Does the stomach store ingested foods?

A

YEA

58
Q

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

A

Fundus, Body, Pylorus, Cardia

59
Q

Fundus and Body secrete what cells?

A

mucus, parietal cells (secrete intrinsic factor and HCl), chief cells (secrete pepsin which digests proteins when combined with HCl)

60
Q

What is the function of HCL in stomach? Also what cells is it secreted from?

A

Breaks down food and allows pepsinogen to become active form of pepsin to break down proteins. Is secreted from parietal cells.

61
Q

What cells does the Pylorus secrete?

A

Mucus, G-cells (secretes gastrin), D-cells (secretes somatostatin)

62
Q

What cell secretes gastrin? What is the role of gastrin?

A

Secreted by G-cells - Gastrin stimulates secretion of HCL

63
Q

What cell secretes somatostatin? What is the role of somatostatin?

A

Secreted by D-cells - Somatostatin stops release of gastrin

64
Q

HCl secretions done by parietal cells keep stomach PH at…

A

1.5-2.0

65
Q

What is the purpose of the acidic environment of the stomach?

A
  1. kill many microorganisms
  2. denatures proteins
  3. breaks down plant cell walls and connective tissue in meat
  4. activates pepsin (protein digesting enzyme secreted by chief cells)
66
Q

pH 7 is __
pH less than 7 is __
pH more than 7 is __

A

neutral
acidic
basic

67
Q

What is the function of Parietal Cells?

A

secrete intrinsic factor and HCl

68
Q

What is the function of Chief Cells?

A

secretion of pepsinogen (digestive enzyme) which combines with HCl and turns into pepsin which breaks down proteins

69
Q

Stomach protects itself from self digestion with a ___

A

mucosal barrier

70
Q

A stomach ulcer is…

A

an injured area of the mucosa caused by gastric juice

71
Q

What is Heart Burn?

A

Acid reflux from stomach backs up into esophagus

72
Q

What part of esophagus usually prevents acid reflux?

A

esophageal sphincter

73
Q

What is Receptive Relaxation done by Fundus and Body (parts of stomach)?

A

stomach muscles relax in anticipation of and to response to food entry

74
Q

What is Adaptive Relaxation?

A

stomach relaxes in response to gastric filling; stretch receptors activated

75
Q

What passes through the stomach quicker, solids or liquids?

A

liquids, solids linger until they are mixed with gastric juice and converted to liquid state

76
Q

What takes longer to pass through duodenum, fats or carbs? and why?

A

fats, they form an oily layer on the top of chyme which is digested more slowly by intestinal enzymes

77
Q

What are the 3 regions of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum and Ileum

78
Q

What accessory organs help the small intestine in breaking down food?

A

Liver and Gallbladder (production and storage of bile), Pancreas (digestive enzymes)

79
Q

Chemical digestion happens in what part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

80
Q

Nutrient absorption happens in what part of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum

81
Q

Viatmin absoprtion happens in what part of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

82
Q

Duodenum is the shortest subdivision of the small intestine and often referred to as a “Mixing Bowl”, what is “mixed” in the Duodenum?

A

Chyme from the stomach, digestive enzymes and buffers from the pancreas, Bile from liver and gallbladder

83
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

digests fats into fatty acids

84
Q

What is the major stimulus for intestinal juice production by glands?

A

arrival of chyme

85
Q

What is the purpose of intestinal juice (secretions from glands on walls of small intestine)?

A

moisten chyme, buffer acids, keep digestive enzymes and products of digestion together

86
Q

The liver produces…

A

bile

87
Q

The gallbladder stores…

A

bile

88
Q

The pancreas produces…

A

digestive enzymes and buffers

89
Q

What is the process of emulsification done by bile?

A

breaking down of large fat globules into millions of small fatty droplets

90
Q

Bile release is increased when GI tract contains ____

A

fatty chyme

91
Q

If Bile becomes too concentrated in the gallbladder it can lead to ___

A

gallstones (made up of mostly cholesterol)

92
Q

Endocrine cells secrete __ and __ to control blood sugar

A

insulin and glucagon

93
Q

Exocrine cells secrete ___

A

pancreatic juice

94
Q

In the small intestine, there are two forms of movement for chyme?

A

Peristalsis: alternate waves of contraction/relaxation

Segmentation: division and mixing of chyme by smooth muscles, moving bile back and forth

95
Q

What percent of nutrient absorption happens in small intestine?

A

90%

96
Q

What structural modifications of small intestine increase SA of absorption?

A

Plicae circulares: deep circular folds that remain even when food is present (unlike stomach)

Villi: fingerlike extensions of mucosa on plicae circulares

Microvilli: tiny projections of plasma membrane of absorptive mucosal cells on the villi

97
Q

What is the function of brush border enzymes in microvilli?

A

complete final stages of digestion of carbs and proteins in small intestine

98
Q

Specially what part of the small intestine aids in most of nutrient absorption?

A

Jejunum

99
Q

What does the Jejunum look like?

A

2.5 M long circular folds which twists back and forth within abdominal cavity

100
Q

What is the longest section of small intestine?

A

Ileum (3.5M long)

101
Q

What are the major roles of Ileum?

A

vitamin absorption and it controls flow of material from ileum into cecum of large intestine through the ileocecal valve

102
Q

What is the role of large intestine?

A

enzymatic digestion and reabsorption of water, also absorbs vitamins, ions

103
Q

What are the dimensions (length and width) of the large intestine?

A

1.5 m long and 1.7 cm wide

104
Q

What does large intestine do with fecal matter?

A

reabsorbs water from matter and turns liquid into stool and moves towards anus for elimination

105
Q

What are the sections of large intestine?

A

Cecum
Colon
Rectum

106
Q

The majority of the large intestine is the colon, what are the 4 parts of the colon?

A

ascending
transverse
descending
sigmoid

107
Q

What is the role of the rectum (last 15cm) of the large intestine?

A

temporarily stores feces

108
Q

As most bacteria entering cecum (first part of large intestine) from small intestine is dead (killed by enzymes, HCl), the surviving bacteria make up…

A

the bacterial flora of large intestine

109
Q

intestinal bacterial flora is capable of…

A

fermenting indigestible carbohydrates (like cellulose) which releases mixture of gases and also synthesizes B complex vitamins and Vitamin K

110
Q

In a healthy gut microbiota, how many bacterial species would you want?

A

> 1000 bacterial species, high abundance of “good” bacteria and low amount of “bad bacteria”

111
Q

Probiotics are…

A

alive and aid in digestion (usually are in the form of yeast and bacteria)

112
Q

Prebiotics are …

A

a form of fiber and serve as food for probiotics

113
Q

When is Cholecystokinin (CCK) released?

A

in response to chyme arrival, especially when high in lipid

114
Q

What is the function of Cholecystokinin (CCK)?

A

causes secretion of bile by gall bladder and pancreatic juice by pancreas

115
Q

What is the role of Secretin hormone?

A

increases secretion of bile by the liver and buffers by the pancreas

116
Q

When is Secretin released in small intestine?

A

upon arrival of chyme

117
Q

What is the role of Gastrin hormone (produced in stomach as well as small intestine)?

A

stimulates production of gastric acid/enzymes when proteins are not fully digested

118
Q

What happens to amino acids after they are absorbed?

A

transported to the liver

119
Q

What happens to triglycerides after they are absorbed?

A

they are taken into lacteals of the lymphatic system

KIN 275 (13 decks)

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