Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KIN 275 > Module 4 - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Module 4 - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What chemicals make up carbohydrates?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, arranged as a monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name at 3 least sources of carbohydrates (when in natural unrefined state)

A

whole grain breads, fruit, beans, lentils, vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 3 ways to classify Carbohydrates?

A
  1. degree of processing
  2. chemical composition
  3. physiological effect on blood glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Refining?

A

the processing of carbohydrates that alters nutrient density (separates carbohydrates from vitamins, minerals and fibre)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Whole Grain made up of?

A

Germ (innermost), Endosperm (middle), Bran (outside)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What parts of the grain is taken out during refining process?

A

Germ and Bran, this prolongs shelf life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What part of the grain makes up most refined grains?

A

Endosperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Simple carbohydrates, or sugars (milk, table sugar, fruits), refer to…

A

monosaccharides and disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Complex carbohydrates (starches, glycogen, dietary fibre) refer to…

A

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many monosaccharides in an oligosaccharide?

A

3-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many monosaccharides in a polysaccharide?

A

more than 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name the 3 monosaccharides

A

Glucose,
Fructose, Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the chemical structure of a monosaccharide?

A

Hexose, 6 carbon sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The different structure of each monosaccharide accounts for difference in ___

A

sweetness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Arrange the monosaccharides in terms of sweetness: Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

A

Fructose > glucose > galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the most and least common of the 3 monosaccharides?

A

Most: Glucose
Least: Galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the primary form of carbohydrates in the body and main component of all polysaccharides?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blood glucose level is regulated by the hormonal secretion of __ and __ from the __

A

insulin and glucagon from the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed by the microvilli in the small intestine and actively transported to the capillary which carries it to __

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The liver converts galactose and fructose to ___

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is glucose transported to all body cells?

A

via blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the primary source for nervous tissue (brain, spine)?

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The brain uses __% of glucose required by the body

A

> 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides linked through condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain condensation

A

OH group from one monosaccharide and H atom from another monosaccharide combine to form H20, which leaves the compound, then the two monosaccharides bond together with a single O atom to form a disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Explain hydrolysis

A

H20 is added to a compound, H goes to one part, OH goes to another and this splits the compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Glucose + Glucose =

A

Maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Glucose + Fructose =

A

Sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Glucose + Galactose =

A

Lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Maltose is formed upon the breakdown of ___

A

Starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

When does lactose intolerance happen?

A

Not enough of enzyme lactase is present in the small intestine to break down lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Naturally occurring sugar is…

A

sugar found naturally in whole foods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Free sugar or added sugar…

A

sugar no longer in its naturally occurring state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Total Sugar =

A

naturally occurring sugar + free sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are Nutritive Sugars?

A

sugars that contribute energy to foods (4 kcal/gram)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the DRI in % for added sugars?

A

≤ 25% total energy from added sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How are dental caries(cavities) formed?

A

when bacteria that live in the mouth form colonies on teeth, the bacteria metabolizes carbohydrates and creates acid which dissolves teeth enamel (cavities)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the relation between sugar and dental caries (cavities)?

A

The longer sugar stays in your mouth, the higher the chance of cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are “Non-Nutritive Sugars” (NNS)?

A

Sweeteners without nutrient value (0 or almost 0 calories)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Are “Non-Nutritive Sugars” sweeter than sugar?

A

Yes, can be over 10,000x stronger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Complex Carbohydrates (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) are sugars: true or false?

A

False, but they are made of sugars combined through condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Are oligosaccharides digested by human enzymes?

A

No

43
Q

Give 3 examples of oligosaccharides

A

Beans, onions, bananas, garlic, artichokes

44
Q

Indigestible carbohydrates include…

A

some oligosaccharides, fibre, resistant starch

45
Q

What is an insoluble fibre (non-viscous)?

A

does not dissolve in water, from plant cell walls (broccoli)

46
Q

What is a soluble fibre (viscous)?

A

dissolves in water to form gel, small amounts are digested by bacteria in large intestine

47
Q

Most foods of plant origin are a mix of insoluble and soluble fibre: true or false?

A

TRUE

48
Q

What is the key difference in structure which differentiates insoluble and soluble fibre?

A

Insoluble fibre are formed by (β 1-4) links, which humans can not break down, while soluble fibre (starch) are formed through (α 1-4) links

49
Q

Name one example of an insoluble fibre

A

cellulose, lignin

50
Q

Does insoluble fibre increase or decrease transit time through intestine?

A

Decrease, the matter moves quicker through the intestine, reduces constipation

51
Q

Soluble fibre serves as a food for ___ in colon

A

Microflora

52
Q

Does soluble fibre increase or decrease transit time through intestine?

A

Increase, matter moves slower through intestine, because it makes gel with water, delays gastric emptying

53
Q

Which increases the absorption of nutrients and why: soluble fibre or insoluble fibre?

A

Soluble fibre, it increases transit time and makes food stay in small intestine for longer, increases volume of intestinal contents by absorbing water, increasing absorption

54
Q

What is the effect of soluble fibre on the stomach? remember it increases volume intestinal contents

A

causes stomach distension (balooning) and slows emptying

55
Q

Slow absorption of glucose, (increases or decreases?) glucose fluctuation after a meal

A

decreases

56
Q

What is the effect of increased soluble fibre on cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol is excreted as it is binded to soluble fibre, so cholesterol levels in body is lower

57
Q

Fiber can cause intestinal gas: true or false

A

True, specifically insoluble fibre is more likely to

58
Q

What is Starch?

A

a primary source of food energy composed of many glucose molecules (*less branched)

59
Q

What are the two types of starches?

A

Amylose: continuous single chain of glucose

Amylopectin: branched chains of glucose molecules

60
Q

Give at least one example of a starch

A

potato, sweet potato, beets

61
Q

What is a resistant starch?

A

starches that do not break down into glucose when digested

62
Q

Give at least one example of a resistant starch

A

rice or potatoes that have been cooked and then cooled, unripe bananas

63
Q

What is Glycogen?

A

storage form of carbohydrates composed of many glucose molecules (*highly branched)

64
Q

is glycogen subject to fast or slow hydrolysis?

A

fast, due to highly branched shape, release quick supply of energy

65
Q

What are some places where glycogen are stored?

A

Muscle (provides glucose for energy), Liver (releases glucose into bloodstream for delivery to body cells)

66
Q

The body stores a lot of glycogen: true or false?

A

FALSE, only (200-500g)

67
Q

Glycogen holds ___ which causes bulk

A

Limited amount of water

68
Q

Since glycogen is for short term energy, where does long term energy come from?

A

Fat in adipose tissue, not bulky

69
Q

When liver glycogen is depleted, what happens?

A

Body produces glucose via gluconeogenesis and blood glucose falls stimulating appetite

70
Q

Where does most of carbohydrate, starch, digestion occur?

A

small intestine, can not occur in stomach as salivary amylase is inactivated by acid

71
Q

What accesory organ aids in the digestion of carbohydrates in the small intestine?

A

Pancreas, through the release of pancreatic amylase which breaks down starch

72
Q

How are the digestion of carbohydrates completed?

A

by the brush border enzymes on the villi, break down disaccharides and oligosaccharides into monosaccharides

73
Q

In the large intestine, what happens to remaining insoluble carbohydrates (insoluble fibre, resistant starch, some oligosaccharides)

A

they are broken down by bacteria to form short chain fatty acids and gas, some fibre is excreted

74
Q

What is the key for a healthy microflora, and helps maintenance of beneficial species of bacteria in colon?

A

prebiotics, soluble fibres, resistant starch are present and reach the colon

75
Q

Define Glycemic Response

A

how quickly and how high blood glucose rises after carbohydrates are consumed

76
Q

Define Glycemic Index (GI)

A

ranking of how a food affects the glycemic response (1-100) relative to white bread/pure glucose

77
Q

What is considered a high Glycemic Index (GI)?

A

> 70 GI

78
Q

What is considered a low Glycemic Index (GI)

A

<55 GI

79
Q

In low Glycemic Index foods, aborption of glucose is __

A

Slower

80
Q

Glycemic Load =

A

(Glycemic Index) * (amount of available CHO)

81
Q

What is considered a high Glycemic Load?

A

> 20

82
Q

What is considered a low Glycemic Load?

A

<11

83
Q

What cells release insulin?

A

beta-cells

84
Q

What cells release glucagon?

A

alpha-cells

85
Q

What is the function of Insulin?

A

stimulates glucose uptake into most cells in the body and stops glucose release from the liver

86
Q

What is the function of Glucagon?

A

promotes breakdown of glycogen that releases glucose into circulation

87
Q

When there is increased blood glucose, what hormone is released by the pancreas to regulate blood glucose?

A

insulin, it transfers glucose from blood to body cells

88
Q

When blood glucose is decreased, what hormone is released by pancreas to control blood glucose?

A

glucagon, it breaks down glycogen in liver into glucose which is released into blood

89
Q

Where do monosaccharides get transported after being absorbed?

A

Liver, to be stored as glycogen and transported through body

90
Q

What is the name of the cluster of cells in the pancreas which produce glucagon and insulin?

A

Islets of Langerhans (contain alpha cells and beta cells)

91
Q

What is Gluconeogenesis?

A

When glucagon is sent to stimulate kidney and liver cells to produce glucose from certain amino acids

92
Q

When glycogen stores reach max capacity, liver can convert excess glucose into…?

A

Fat

93
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus

A

Group of metabolic disorders caused by improper function of insulin

94
Q

What % of the population have Diabetes Mellitus

A

10%, 25% over the age of 65

95
Q

In Diabetes, is blood sugar high or low?

A

High (the insulin is unable/has diffuclty in taking glucose into cells)

96
Q

In which type of diabetes does the body provide normal amounts of insulin, but the glucose transporters in the cell don’t move to the membrane?

A

Type 2 (insulin resistance)

97
Q

What are 3 risk factors for insulin resistance?

A

Obesity, lack of exercise, hypertension

98
Q

What are the four main symptoms of diabetes and/or hyperglycemia?

A

Polyphagia (a lot of eating)
Glycosuria (glucose in urine)
Polyuria (a lot of urine)
Polydipsia (a lot of thirst)

99
Q

In what type of diabetes does the pancreas stop making insulin?

A

Type 1

100
Q

What is Gestational Diabetes?

A

diabetes that occurs due to pregnancy

101
Q

What is Drug-Induced Diabetes?

A

diabetes that occurs due to side effects of medication

102
Q

What is treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Insulin

103
Q

What is treatment for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

weight loss, exercise, healthy diet, Antidiabetic Medications

104
Q

What is an example of antidiabetic medication for type 2 diabetes?

A

Metformin

KIN 275 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions