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KIN 275 > Module 10 - Water & Electrolytes > Flashcards

Module 10 - Water & Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Where is water located in the cell? What is the distribution of water between these areas?

A

Intracellular (inside cell) (66%)
Extracellular (outside cell) (33%)
- intravascular (within blood vessels)
- intercellular/interstitial (between cells)

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2
Q

What is the formula for total body water?

A

ICF (intracellular water) + ECF (extracellular water)

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3
Q

Name and describe the 6 functions of water in the body

A
  • solvent: dissolves solutes
  • transports: transports water soluble substances
  • lubricates: tears, fluid, saliva
  • regulates body temperature: sweat
  • chemical reactions: hydrolysis and condensation
  • acid-base balance: prevents changes in pH
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4
Q

body water is distributed between ___ and ___ cellular spaces

A

intra and extra

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5
Q

amount of water in blood and tissue is determined by…

A
  • blood pressure
  • force generated by osmosis
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6
Q

high blood pressure at arterial side of capillaries forces water from…

A

the blood into the tissues

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7
Q

Low blood pressure at the venous side draws fluid…

A

back into the capillaries by osmosis

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8
Q

electrolytes help…

A

regulate body fluids by controlling fluid shifts in and out of cells (osmosis)

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9
Q

Name three common electrolytes

A

sodium
potassium
chloride

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10
Q

as cells move electrolytes in and out, water follows, enabled by…

A

osmotic pressure

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11
Q

What does osmotic pressure do?

A

moves water across membranes in presence of concentration gradient

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12
Q

What is lost through sweat from exercise?

A

water and electrolytes

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13
Q

True or false: there is a set guide for all people on how much water to drink.

A

False, while there is an AI value for water based on age and sex, recommended water intake can vary depending swear amount, illnesses etc.

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14
Q

True or false: drinking coffee reduces total body water.

A

false, recent studies have showed that coffee can be counted towards daily water intake

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15
Q

Water intake is usually from…

A

water, beverages, food and metabolic water (only about 250-600 ml depending on activity level)

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16
Q

Thirst is stimulated by…

A
  • decrease of saliva excretion (dry mouth)
  • amount of water in blood sensed by thirst centre in hypothalamus
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17
Q

What 4 ways is water loss in the body?

A
  • urinating
  • feces
  • skin (evaporation, sweat)
  • lungs (breathing)
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18
Q

What 5 factors can affect a persons water requirements?

A
  • physical activity
  • cold temperature (+urine)
  • diabetes mellitus (polyuria)
  • cystic fibrosis (high amount of NaCl in sweat)
  • Diuretics (can cause excessive water loss)
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19
Q

What is Hyperhydration/Hyponatremia?

A

High water levels and low salt levels

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20
Q

What is Hypohydration/Hypernatremia?

A

low levels of water and high levels of salts

21
Q

Signs of hypohydration “dehydration” include…

A

thirst, discomfort, flushed skin, cramps, headache, vomiting etc.

22
Q

What factors can you use to indicate hydration level?

A
  • thirst
  • urine volume (+water=+urine)
  • urine color (pale lemonade color 👍)
  • change in body mass (+- 1% body mass change = well hydrated, more change then that could mean dehydration)
23
Q

How does dehydration affect performance?

A

Decreases blood volume
Decreases blood flow
Decreases sweat rate
Increases core temperature
Increase heart rate
Increases perception of effort

24
Q

Is there a known UL for water

A

No, but high amounts can result in hyponatremia (hyperhydration) - also known as acute water toxicity

25
Q

True or false: overhydration is more dangerous then dehydration

A

True, it is called acute water toxicity

26
Q

Why is acute water toxicity dangerous?

A

associated with hyponatremia (low salt levels) which causes kidneys to be overworked

27
Q

Symptoms of Hyponatremia? - think of “boundless” documentary

A

nausea, vomiting, confusion, cramps, headache, seizures, coma, death

28
Q

What makes hyponatramia so dangerous to treat? - boundless documentary

A

many of the symptoms are similar to hypernatremia (hypohydration), so if you misdiagnose it can be dangerous. (diagnose with hypernatremia instead then you will be giving more water to someone possibly suffering with over hydration)

29
Q

What are minerals?

A

inorganic elements needed in relatively small amounts

30
Q

Similarities and differences between vitamins and minerals

A

Similarities: do not provide kcal, but work with nutrients that enable body to get energy
Differences: Vitamins can be destroyed by heat, O2 or acid. Minerals can not be destroyed.

31
Q

Major vs Trace Minerals

A

Major Minerals: needed in larger quantities, >100mg per day
Trace Minerals: needed in smaller quantities, <100mg

32
Q

What are the main functions of minerals?

A
  1. part of enzymes
  2. work with immune system
  3. structural growth
  4. help chemical reactions take place in cells
  5. help muscles contract including heart
33
Q

Cofactor vs Coenzyme

A

Cofactor: organic or inorganic, do not bind to enzyme, they are helper molecules

Coenzyme: organic, bind loosely to active site of enzyme

34
Q

How do minerals work as cofactors? Describe the process

A
  1. Mineral cofactor combines
    with the incomplete enzyme to
    form active enzyme
  2. The active enzyme binds to the
    molecule and accelerates their
    transformation into the final
    products
  3. Final products are released,
    while enzyme remains
    unchanged
35
Q

What is a more reliable source of minerals: plant or animal foods?

A

Animal foods, they have higher concentration of minerals, also plant foods contain phytic and oxalic acid that interfere with mineral absorption

36
Q

What do all electrolytes do?

A

regulate body fluids by controlling fluid going in and out of cells (osmosis)

37
Q

What are the 3 major electrolytes

A

Sodium
Chloride
Potassium

38
Q

What is the main extracellular cation, extracellular anion and intracellular cation?

A

Main Extracellular Cation: Sodium (+)
Main Extracellular Anion: Chloride (-)
Main Intracellular Cation: Potassium (+)

39
Q

Sodium Toxicity is also known as ___. Symptoms?

A

Hypernatremia/Hypohydration. Lethargy, confusion, nausea, thirst,

40
Q

What is a major issue that develops from Hypernatremia (too much sodium)?

A

Hypertension (increased retention of fluids due to high blood sodium - in sodium sensitive people, sodium excretion is slow causing high blood pressure

41
Q

Sodium deficiency is known as ___? Symptoms?

A

Hyponatremia/Hyperhydration. Nausea, muscle cramps, headache, choma, death.

42
Q

Source of Chloride

A

Salt and vegetables

43
Q

The roles of potassium, the main intracellular cation, in the body

A

lowers high BP, fluid and electrolyte balance, nerve transmission

44
Q

Processing of foods increases (electrolyte) and decreases (electrolyte)

A

increases proportion of sodium
decreases proportion of potassium

45
Q

Potassium deficiency is known as __. Symptoms?

A

Hypokalemia. Muscle weakness, fatigue, heart complications.

46
Q

Hypokalemia (potassium deficiency) is usually caused by…

A

high losses in body - diarrhea, vomitting, diuretics

47
Q

Hyperkalemia (potassium toxicity) is usually caused by…

A

prescription drugs, dehydration, impaired kidneys

48
Q

The role of sodium and potassium in nerve conduction (use a pinprick as an example)

A

Pinprick stimulates nerve beneath skin which increases permeability and allows sodium to enter nerve cell, initiation a nerve impulse

KIN 275 (13 decks)

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