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KIN 275 > Module 11 - Bone Building Nutrients > Flashcards

Module 11 - Bone Building Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Name 3 major minerals (needed in larger quantities, >100mg/day) that are involved in bone health and make up 98% of minerals in body by weight

A

Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium

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2
Q

Name a trace mineral (needed in smaller quantities, <100 mg/day) that is involved in bone health

A

Fluoride

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3
Q

Explain the role of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in bone

A

Calcium and phosphate combine to form calcium phosphate (makes up hard bone matrix of bones and teeth), magnesium helps strengthen it

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4
Q

Most abundant mineral in the body

A

Calcium

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5
Q

Calcium is necessary for

A

bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve transmission

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6
Q

When blood calcium is high, ___ releases ____

A

Thyroid gland (Parafollicular cells/C cells) releases calcitonin

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7
Q

What does calcitonin do to regulate high blood calcium?

A

stops calcium release from bone into blood

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8
Q

When blood calcium is low, ___ releases ___

A

Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone

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9
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do to regulate low blood calcium?

A

stimulates calcium release from bone into blood, calcium reabsorbed by kidney (instead of excreting it), activates vitamin D (increases intestinal calcium absorption)

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10
Q

Active form of Vitamin D3

A

Calcitriol/1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate in intestine)

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11
Q

Amount of body’s calcium in bone (%)

A

99%

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12
Q

Sources of calcium

A

mostly dairy products

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13
Q

What is Calcium bioavailability

A

30% in dairy and supplements, also affected by inhibitors - phytic and oxalic acid

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14
Q

What factors influence absorption of calcium

A
  • Vitamin D
  • Intestinal transit time (quicker transit = less absorption)
  • Life cycle stage (estrogen loss in postmenopausal women = less calcium absorption, older people have less stomach acids to breakdown food)
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15
Q

Disease that occurs due to calcium deficiency

A

Osteoporosis (low bone strength and increased risk of fracture in hip, spine, wrist)

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16
Q

Age that peak bone mass is reached and age when decline begins

A

20-30 years old, decline after 35y

17
Q

Cortical vs Trabecular bone

A

Cortical bone: dense, compact bone that protects
Trabecular bone: spongy, “latticework” bone that stores marrow

18
Q

How can you prevent osteoporosis

A

Maximize development of bone mass during growth, consume calcium and vitamin D3, strong muscles (=strong bones)

19
Q

Excess Calcium intake can result in __. Symptoms?

A

Hypercalcemia. loss of muscle tone, constipation, kidney stones, lot of urine

20
Q

2nd most abundant mineral in body

A

Phosphorus (P)

21
Q

How much of body’s phosphorus is in bone

A

80-85%

22
Q

Major Functions of Phosphorus

A
  1. component of water soluble head of phospholipids (cell membrane)
  2. Major part of genetic material (DNA, RNA)
  3. Essential for energy metabolism (ATP, CP)
  4. Bone health with Calcium and Fluorine (hydroxyapatite, Fluorapatite)
23
Q

When blood phosphorus is low,

A
  • active vitamin D3 synthesized (to increase P and Ca intake)
  • Ca and P released from bone
24
Q

When blood phosphorus is high,

A

more lost from urine

25
Q

Amount of phosphorus (P) absorbed by body

A

60-70%

26
Q

How is Phosphorus absorbed by body

A

mostly passive diffusion, some active transport by Vitamin D3

27
Q

Symptoms associated with phosphorus (P) deficiency

A

muscle weakness, anemia, bone pain, rickets, osteomalacia

28
Q

Phosphorus excess results in ___. Symptoms?

A

Hyperphosphatemia. Usually due to soft drinks. May reduce Ca absorption.

29
Q

Functions of Magnesium (Mg2+)

A
  1. enzyme cofactor (nucleotide synthesis, Na and K transport)
  2. Used in glycolysis and energy generation
  3. Helps regulate blood pressure alongside calcium
  4. needed for Na-K pump
  5. Bone Health
30
Q

Amount of body’s magnesium in the bone

A

50-60%

31
Q

Role of magnesium in bones

A

essential for bone structure, regulates calcium, needed for vitamin D and other hormone function

32
Q

Bioavailability of Magnesium

A

50%, absorbed quickly in intestine, the more you eat the less is absorbed

33
Q

Fluoride is a

A

trace mineral

34
Q

Main functions of fluoride

A

teeth and bone mineralization, it helps children build teeth that are resistant to decay

35
Q

Is fluoride considered essential

A

No

36
Q

Sources of fluoride

A

fluoridated water, toothpaste and dental products

37
Q

Fluoride deficiency may result in

A

tooth decay, jaw pain, tooth loss

38
Q

Fluoride excess may result in __ and __

A

dental fluorosis, abnormal changes in enamel.
skeletal fluorosis, fluoride buildup in bones (pain and stiffness)

39
Q
A

KIN 275 (13 decks)

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