Module 11 - Bone Building Nutrients Flashcards
Name 3 major minerals (needed in larger quantities, >100mg/day) that are involved in bone health and make up 98% of minerals in body by weight
Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium
Name a trace mineral (needed in smaller quantities, <100 mg/day) that is involved in bone health
Fluoride
Explain the role of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in bone
Calcium and phosphate combine to form calcium phosphate (makes up hard bone matrix of bones and teeth), magnesium helps strengthen it
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
Calcium is necessary for
bones and teeth, muscle contraction, blood clot formation, nerve transmission
When blood calcium is high, ___ releases ____
Thyroid gland (Parafollicular cells/C cells) releases calcitonin
What does calcitonin do to regulate high blood calcium?
stops calcium release from bone into blood
When blood calcium is low, ___ releases ___
Parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone
What does parathyroid hormone do to regulate low blood calcium?
stimulates calcium release from bone into blood, calcium reabsorbed by kidney (instead of excreting it), activates vitamin D (increases intestinal calcium absorption)
Active form of Vitamin D3
Calcitriol/1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol (essential for absorption of calcium and phosphate in intestine)
Amount of body’s calcium in bone (%)
99%
Sources of calcium
mostly dairy products
What is Calcium bioavailability
30% in dairy and supplements, also affected by inhibitors - phytic and oxalic acid
What factors influence absorption of calcium
- Vitamin D
- Intestinal transit time (quicker transit = less absorption)
- Life cycle stage (estrogen loss in postmenopausal women = less calcium absorption, older people have less stomach acids to breakdown food)
Disease that occurs due to calcium deficiency
Osteoporosis (low bone strength and increased risk of fracture in hip, spine, wrist)
Age that peak bone mass is reached and age when decline begins
20-30 years old, decline after 35y
Cortical vs Trabecular bone
Cortical bone: dense, compact bone that protects
Trabecular bone: spongy, “latticework” bone that stores marrow
How can you prevent osteoporosis
Maximize development of bone mass during growth, consume calcium and vitamin D3, strong muscles (=strong bones)
Excess Calcium intake can result in __. Symptoms?
Hypercalcemia. loss of muscle tone, constipation, kidney stones, lot of urine
2nd most abundant mineral in body
Phosphorus (P)
How much of body’s phosphorus is in bone
80-85%
Major Functions of Phosphorus
- component of water soluble head of phospholipids (cell membrane)
- Major part of genetic material (DNA, RNA)
- Essential for energy metabolism (ATP, CP)
- Bone health with Calcium and Fluorine (hydroxyapatite, Fluorapatite)
When blood phosphorus is low,
- active vitamin D3 synthesized (to increase P and Ca intake)
- Ca and P released from bone
When blood phosphorus is high,
more lost from urine
Amount of phosphorus (P) absorbed by body
60-70%
How is Phosphorus absorbed by body
mostly passive diffusion, some active transport by Vitamin D3
Symptoms associated with phosphorus (P) deficiency
muscle weakness, anemia, bone pain, rickets, osteomalacia
Phosphorus excess results in ___. Symptoms?
Hyperphosphatemia. Usually due to soft drinks. May reduce Ca absorption.
Functions of Magnesium (Mg2+)
- enzyme cofactor (nucleotide synthesis, Na and K transport)
- Used in glycolysis and energy generation
- Helps regulate blood pressure alongside calcium
- needed for Na-K pump
- Bone Health
Amount of body’s magnesium in the bone
50-60%
Role of magnesium in bones
essential for bone structure, regulates calcium, needed for vitamin D and other hormone function
Bioavailability of Magnesium
50%, absorbed quickly in intestine, the more you eat the less is absorbed
Fluoride is a
trace mineral
Main functions of fluoride
teeth and bone mineralization, it helps children build teeth that are resistant to decay
Is fluoride considered essential
No
Sources of fluoride
fluoridated water, toothpaste and dental products
Fluoride deficiency may result in
tooth decay, jaw pain, tooth loss
Fluoride excess may result in __ and __
dental fluorosis, abnormal changes in enamel.
skeletal fluorosis, fluoride buildup in bones (pain and stiffness)
