Module 9: Enzymatic Reactions Flashcards
Exam 3
Nucleophile
electron rich species
The following are examples of ________
anions, heteroatoms with lone pair electrons, alkenes, alkynes
nucleophiles
Electrophile
electron poor species
The following are examples of _______
carbocations, carbonyl groups, alkenes, alkynes
electrophiles
What do catalysts do and how do they work?
increase the rate at which the reaction occurs by lowering the activation energy (Ea)
Bronsted-Lowry donors are ______ and acceptors are ______
acid, base
Which acid/base type is focused on protons?
Bronsted-Lowry
Which acid/base type is focused on electrons?
Lewis
Lewis donors are ______ and acceptors are ______
base, acid
A Bronsted-Lowry ____ always be described as a Lewis acid or base
can
A Lewis acid/base ____ always always be described as a Bronsted-Lowry acid or base
can’t
Which reaction type includes the addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to an electron poor species (electrophile)
Nucleophilic Substitution
Which reaction type includes addition of an electron rich species (nucleophile) to a carbonyl containing group (esters, amides, and carboxylic acids), sulfonate group, or phosphate group.
acyl substitution
Which reaction type includes substitution of a hydrogen on an aromatic ring with another group (not oxygen or nitrogen)
aromatic substitution
Which reaction type transfers protons from one species to another?
Acid/base
Which reaction type switches one group for another?
Substitution
Which reaction type removes a group completely from the molecule?
Elimination
Which reaction type adds a group to the molecule?
Addition
Which reaction type changes the oxidation state of a group on a molecule?
REDOX
Which reaction type rearranges groups within the same molecule?
Isomerization
Biological catalysts are called _____
enzymes
Enzymes ______ degrade over time
don’t
REDOX reactions: oxidation
- Increase in the number of bonds to O or N
- Decrease in the number of bonds to H
REDOX reactions: reduction
- Decrease in the number of bonds to O or N
- Increase in the number of bonds to H
Enzymes are characterized by what 3 things?
- Efficiency – work better than typical chemical catalysts
- Specificity – specific for individual chemical processes
- Regulation – adaptive to different metabolic/environmental conditions
Enzymes are large ______
proteins
____ are the non-protein component required to allow an enzyme to perform its role
Cofactors
______ bind within enzyme to promote enzymatic processes
Cofactors
What are the 2 types of cofactors?
- Inorganic Ions – Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Mb
- Organic (Coenzymes) – typically derived from vitamins
What are the 6 enzyme classes?
Transferase
Hydrolase
Oxidoreductase
Lyase
Ligase
Isomerase
Enzymes that transfer functional groups
Transferase
Enzymes that break bonds using water (hydrolysis)
Hydrolase
Enzymes that catalyze REDOX reactions
Oxidoreductases
Enzymes that catalyze elimination reactions (not hydrolysis or REDOX)
Lyase
Enzymes that join two molecules together
Ligase
Enzymes that promote structural shifts (intramolecular group transfer)
Isomerase
What are the 6 reaction types?
Acid/base
Substitution
Elimination
Addition
REDOX
Isomerization
Transferase reaction
Substitution
Hydrolase reaction
Acyl substitution
Oxidoreductase reaction
REDOX
Lyase reaction
Elimination
Ligase reaction
Addition
Isomerase reaction
Isomerization
Spontaneity is determined by
entropy, enthalpy, temperature
(+) delta G is ______, while (-) delta G is _______
(+) non-spontaneous
(-) spontaneous
