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Chemistry 2024 > module 8 - biomolecules > Flashcards

module 8 - biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

monomer to carbohydrates

A

sugars

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2
Q

monomer to proteins

A

amino acids

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3
Q

monomer to lipids

A

fatty acids

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4
Q

monomer to nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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5
Q

what are the 4 macromolecules?

A

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Carbohydrates suffix

A

-ose

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7
Q

sugar units: 1, 2, multiple

A
  • Monosaccharide – one sugar unit
  • Disaccharide – two sugar units
  • Polysaccharide – multiple sugar units
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8
Q

2 types of sugars

A

simple and complex

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9
Q

carbohydrate classification - 3 types

A
  1. carbonyl type (aldose vs ketose)
  2. carbon number
  3. stereoisomer (D vs L)
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10
Q

___ sugars are manmade, not made in nature

A

L

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11
Q

Stereoisomers of sugar groups are determined by what?

A

the last hydroxyl group

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12
Q

Stereoisomer D vs L

A
  • Right side = D – sugar
  • Left Side = L – sugar
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13
Q

All natural sugars are ___

A

D

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14
Q

Carbohydrate structure that is the open-form of the sugar

A

Fischer Projections

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15
Q

Carbohydrate structure that is the closed-form of the sugar

A

Haworth Projections

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16
Q

Differentiate between diastereomers (epimers) vs enantiomers

A
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17
Q

Fischer to Haworth

A
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18
Q

Differentiate between alpha and beta anomers in the Haworth projection

A

Alpha anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing down
Beta anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing up

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19
Q

Amino acids contain _____ and _____ functional groups

A

amine and carboxylic acid

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20
Q

the pH of an animo acid where the net charge is zero

A

Isoelectric point (pI)

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21
Q

Charge if the pH is less than the pI

A

positive

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22
Q

Charge if the pH is greater than the pI

A

negative

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23
Q

two amino acids

A

dipeptide

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24
Q

three amino acids

A

tripeptide

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25
Q

four amino acids

A

tetrapeptide

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26
Q

more than 4 amino acids

A

polypeptide

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27
Q

______ is an amide bond linking together two individual amino acids

A

peptide bond

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28
Q

Which protein structure is a sequence of amino acids

A

primary

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29
Q

Which protein structure is the fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone

A

secondary

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30
Q

Secondary protein structure subtypes

A

Alpha helix (intramolecular H bonding) and beta sheet (intermolecular H bonding)

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31
Q

Which protein structure is the unique three–dimensional shape as a whole

A

tertiary - Caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone

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32
Q

Which protein structure is arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure

A

quaternary

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33
Q

Which protein structure is specifically tied to the biochemical function of a protein?

A

tertiary

34
Q

What bonds hold together tertiary and quaternary protein structures?

A
  • Ionic bonding between charged side chains of amino acids
  • Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygens and N–H bonds from peptide bonds
  • Disulfide linkages between two cysteine amino acid residues
  • Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids
35
Q

Class of biomolecules that have a low solubility in an aqueous environment.

A

lipids

36
Q

3 lipids grouping by function

A
  • Energy Storage
  • Membrane Structure
  • Chemical signaling
37
Q

4 lipids grouping by structure

A
  • Fatty Acids
  • Glycerides
  • Non-Glycerides
  • Complex
38
Q

Fatty acid subtypes

A

Broken down into saturated (no double bonds) and unsaturated (double bonds)

39
Q

Which lipids form micelles?

A

fatty acids

40
Q

What are the structural characteristics of fatty acids?

A
  • 10 – 22 carbon “tail group” (typically an even number)
  • Carboxylic acid “head group”
  • Unsaturated fatty acids typically contain cis-alkenes
41
Q

Structurally related hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

42
Q

What are the 3 subtypes of Eicosanoids?

A

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes

43
Q

_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in processes of inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, and induction of labor

A

Prostaglandins

44
Q

_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in allergic and inflammation responses

A

Leukotrienes

45
Q

_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in blood platelet aggregation

A

Thromboxanes

46
Q
A

arachadonic acid

47
Q
A

prostaglandins

48
Q
A

leukotrienes

49
Q
A

thromboxanes

50
Q

Biomolecules containing a three-membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.

A

glyceride

51
Q

Biological roles of glycerides

A
  • Energy storagemore energy per gram than sugars
  • Cell membranes lipid bilayers
52
Q

Glyceride subtypes

A
  • Neutral (Triglycerides)
  • Ionic (Phosphoglycerides)
53
Q
A

Glycerol

54
Q
A

triglyceride

55
Q
A

phosphoglyceride

56
Q

Non-glyceride subtypes

A

sphingolipids, steroids, waxes

57
Q
A

sphingolipids

58
Q
A

waxes

59
Q

lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules

A

complex

60
Q

complex lipid subtypes

A

lipoproteins and glycolipids

61
Q

Lipoprotein types (4)

A

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

62
Q

________ carry dietary triglycerides from intestines to other tissues

A

Chylomicrons

63
Q

______ carry triglycerides from the liver

A

VLDL

64
Q

______ carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue

A

LDL

65
Q

______ carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver

A

HDL

66
Q

Lipids containing a bound carbohydrate that are attached to the extracellular face of cell membranes

A

glycolipids

67
Q

3 roles of glycolipids

A

Maintain membrane stability, facilitate intercellular interactions, and can act as site for pathogens (viruses) to enter cells.

68
Q

Major component of chromosomes

A

nucleic acids

69
Q

Nucleic acids contain what 3 parts?

A
  • heteroaromatic base
  • ribose sugar
  • phosphate group
70
Q

Roles DNA

A

transcription - replication, encoding information, recombination, gene expression

71
Q

Role of RNA

A

Translation - protein synthesis

72
Q

DNA bases

A

Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

73
Q

RNA bases

A

Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine

74
Q
A

2-deoxyribose

75
Q
A

Ribose

76
Q
A

Thymine

77
Q
A

Adenine

78
Q
A

Guanine

79
Q
A

cytosine

80
Q
A

uracil

Chemistry 2024 (11 decks)

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