module 8 - biomolecules Flashcards
monomer to carbohydrates
sugars
monomer to proteins
amino acids
monomer to lipids
fatty acids
monomer to nucleic acids
nucleotides
what are the 4 macromolecules?
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Carbohydrates suffix
-ose
sugar units: 1, 2, multiple
- Monosaccharide – one sugar unit
- Disaccharide – two sugar units
- Polysaccharide – multiple sugar units
2 types of sugars
simple and complex
carbohydrate classification - 3 types
- carbonyl type (aldose vs ketose)
- carbon number
- stereoisomer (D vs L)
___ sugars are manmade, not made in nature
L
Stereoisomers of sugar groups are determined by what?
the last hydroxyl group
Stereoisomer D vs L
- Right side = D – sugar
- Left Side = L – sugar
All natural sugars are ___
D
Carbohydrate structure that is the open-form of the sugar
Fischer Projections
Carbohydrate structure that is the closed-form of the sugar
Haworth Projections
Differentiate between diastereomers (epimers) vs enantiomers
Fischer to Haworth
Differentiate between alpha and beta anomers in the Haworth projection
Alpha anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing down
Beta anomer - OH group on 1st carbon pointing up
Amino acids contain _____ and _____ functional groups
amine and carboxylic acid
the pH of an animo acid where the net charge is zero
Isoelectric point (pI)
Charge if the pH is less than the pI
positive
Charge if the pH is greater than the pI
negative
two amino acids
dipeptide
three amino acids
tripeptide
four amino acids
tetrapeptide
more than 4 amino acids
polypeptide
______ is an amide bond linking together two individual amino acids
peptide bond
Which protein structure is a sequence of amino acids
primary
Which protein structure is the fixed arrangement of the polypeptide backbone
secondary
Secondary protein structure subtypes
Alpha helix (intramolecular H bonding) and beta sheet (intermolecular H bonding)
Which protein structure is the unique three–dimensional shape as a whole
tertiary - Caused by bending and folding of the protein backbone
Which protein structure is arrangement of multiple subunits into a larger structure
quaternary
Which protein structure is specifically tied to the biochemical function of a protein?
tertiary
What bonds hold together tertiary and quaternary protein structures?
- Ionic bonding between charged side chains of amino acids
- Hydrogen bonding between carbonyl oxygens and N–H bonds from peptide bonds
- Disulfide linkages between two cysteine amino acid residues
- Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids
Class of biomolecules that have a low solubility in an aqueous environment.
lipids
3 lipids grouping by function
- Energy Storage
- Membrane Structure
- Chemical signaling
4 lipids grouping by structure
- Fatty Acids
- Glycerides
- Non-Glycerides
- Complex
Fatty acid subtypes
Broken down into saturated (no double bonds) and unsaturated (double bonds)
Which lipids form micelles?
fatty acids
What are the structural characteristics of fatty acids?
- 10 – 22 carbon “tail group” (typically an even number)
- Carboxylic acid “head group”
- Unsaturated fatty acids typically contain cis-alkenes
Structurally related hormone-like biomolecules synthesized from arachidonic acid
Eicosanoids
What are the 3 subtypes of Eicosanoids?
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in processes of inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, and induction of labor
Prostaglandins
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in allergic and inflammation responses
Leukotrienes
_______ is the Eicosanoid type that is involved in blood platelet aggregation
Thromboxanes
arachadonic acid
prostaglandins
leukotrienes
thromboxanes
Biomolecules containing a three-membered glycerol backbone with an appended fatty acid.
glyceride
Biological roles of glycerides
- Energy storagemore energy per gram than sugars
- Cell membranes lipid bilayers
Glyceride subtypes
- Neutral (Triglycerides)
- Ionic (Phosphoglycerides)
Glycerol
triglyceride
phosphoglyceride
Non-glyceride subtypes
sphingolipids, steroids, waxes
sphingolipids
waxes
lipids that are bonded to other types of molecules
complex
complex lipid subtypes
lipoproteins and glycolipids
Lipoprotein types (4)
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
________ carry dietary triglycerides from intestines to other tissues
Chylomicrons
______ carry triglycerides from the liver
VLDL
______ carry cholesterol to peripheral tissue
LDL
______ carry cholesterol from peripheral tissues to the liver
HDL
Lipids containing a bound carbohydrate that are attached to the extracellular face of cell membranes
glycolipids
3 roles of glycolipids
Maintain membrane stability, facilitate intercellular interactions, and can act as site for pathogens (viruses) to enter cells.
Major component of chromosomes
nucleic acids
Nucleic acids contain what 3 parts?
- heteroaromatic base
- ribose sugar
- phosphate group
Roles DNA
transcription - replication, encoding information, recombination, gene expression
Role of RNA
Translation - protein synthesis
DNA bases
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
RNA bases
Uracil
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
2-deoxyribose
Ribose
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
cytosine
uracil