Final exam Flashcards
Hemoglobin has a _________ affinity for oxygen in the arterial system
high
Hemoglobin has a _________ affinity for CO2 in the arterial system
low
Hemoglobin has a _________ affinity for phosphates in the arterial system
low
Hemoglobin has a _________ affinity for hydrogen in the arterial system
low
Hemoglobin has a _________ affinity for Chloride in the arterial system
low
Hemoglobin has a ________ affinity for oxygen in the venous system
low
Hemoglobin has a ________ affinity for CO2 in the venous system
high
_________ transports oxygen from lung to the tissue
hemoglobin
_______ is a protein that stores and transports oxygen in muscle tissue (skeletal and heart)
myoglobin
Myoglobin binds and releases O2 based on
cellular O2 concentrations
Myoglobin ______ upon muscle activation
desaturates
Myoglobin ______ diffusion from capillaries to cytoplasm
increases
Myoglobin is used in the conversion of _________ to ______ to enhance ___________
nitric oxide, nitrate, cellular respiration
Ligands _____ to iron ion to stabilize charge and help to solubilize
bind/coordinate
Ligands for iron are
electron-rich species (nonmetal or polyatomic ions)
Iron has _______ coordination sites
6
A heterocyclic macrocycle composed of four modified pyrrole subunits connected by carbon bridges
Polyphyrins
Polyphyrins are conjugated ________ compounds
aromatic
Inactive protein is called a ______
Apoprotein
Apoproteins make heme more ______
water soluble
myoglobin is a ________ heme protein
monomeric
hemoglobin is a _______
tetramer
hemoglobin has a total of ______ subunits, 2 ____ and 2 ______
4, 2 alpha and 2 beta
fetal hemoglobin has 2 alpha subunits but the beta subunits are replaced by _____
gamma
bodies will produce fetal hemoglobin until _______ of age
6 months
fetal hemoglobin has a ________ affinity for oxygen compared to adult hemoglobin
higher
Standard units for Temp
Kelvin = C + 273.15
Standard units for pressure
Atmospheres (atm)
1atm= 760mmHg, 1.01325 bar, 101,325 Pa, 101.325 kPa
At standard temp and pressure, one mol of gas occupies ______ L
22.4 L
gas constant R value
0.08206 L * atm/ mol * K
The type of compound that is most likely to contain a covalent bond is ________.
one composed of only nonmetals
AX2 geometry
linear, 180
AX3 geometry
trigonal planar, 120
AX4 geometry
tetrahedral, 109.5
AX5 geometry
trigonal bipyramidal, 180, 120, 90
AX6 geometry
octahedral, 180, 90
AX2E geometry
bent, <120
AX3E geometry
trigonal pyramidal, <109.5
AX2E2 geometry
bent, <109.5
AX4E geometry
see-saw, 180, 90
AX3E2 geometry
T-shape, 180,90
AX2E3 geometry
linear, 180
AX5E
square pyramidal, 180, 90
AX4E2 geometry
square planar, 180, 90
Rank of strength of intermolecular forces
Ion-ion > ion-dipole > Hydrogen > dipole-dipole > van der waals
Buffers can contain a weak acid and __________
conjugate base
Buffers can contain a weak base and its _________
conjugate acid
Buffers have a limit called _________ of how much additional acid or base can be added
buffer capacity
_______ is a proton donor
BL acid
________ is a proton acceptor
BL base
electron donor
lewis base
electron acceptor
lewis acid
what is the purpose of a cofactor
binds to enzymes to promote enzymatic processes
Aldehyde
Ketone
Ester
Amide
Carboxylic Acid
Isopropyl
t-butyl
sec-butyl
isobutyl
Z – stereoisomer
If the priority groups are on the same side
E – stereoisomer
If the priority groups are on opposite sides
Enantiomers
- May have one or more stereocenters
- All stereocenters must be switched between two structures
- Have all the same physical properties except optical rotation
Diastereomers
- Must have a minimum of two stereocenters
- Must have at least one stereocenter remain the same
- Completely different physical properties
anisole
aniline
phenol
styrene
toluene
cumene
1-3
meta
1-4
para
1-2
ortho
steroid
quinine
morphine
benzomorphan
phenylpiperidines
Barbituate
benzodiazepine
anesthetics
penicillin
benzene
pyrrole
furan
thiophene
indole
indole
catechol
pyrimidine
pyridine
imidazole
Fullerene aka “Bucky Ball”
naphthalene
anthracene
phenanthrene
pyrene
4-isopropylphenol (p-isopropylphenol)
3-methoxyaniline (m-methoxyaniline)
2-bromotoluene (o-bromotoluene)
3-methylstyrene (m-methylstyrene)
morpholine
piperazine
piperidine
tetrahydropyran
tetrahydrofuran
pyrrolidine