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Patho > Module 9 Digestion > Flashcards

Module 9 Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Common Manifestations of digestive system disorders

A
  • Anorexia, Nausea, Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
  • Fluid/ Electrolyte imbalance
  • Pain
  • Malnutrition
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2
Q

Hematemesis

A

Blood in vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

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3
Q

Upper Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders (4)

A
  • Hiatal Hernia
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  • Gastritis
  • Peptic Ulcer Disease
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4
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty Swallowing

Pain with Swallowing

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5
Q

Some Causes of Dysphagia

A
  • Neurological
  • Muscular Disorder
  • Mechanical obstruction
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6
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A
  • When the stomach bulges up and through the hiatus of the diaphragm into the chest cavity.
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7
Q

What are the two types of Hiatal Hernia ?

A
  • Sliding

- Rolling or paraesophageal

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8
Q

Sliding Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Most Common
  • When the stomach slides above the diaphragm when the person is laying down or supine
  • When standing the stomach slides back down into the abdominal cavity.
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9
Q

Rolling or Paraesophageal Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Fundus of the stomach moves up through a weak opening or hiatus in the diaphragm
  • can lead to ulcers from compressed blood vessels
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10
Q

Factors contributing to Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Shortening of esophagus
  • weakness in diaphragm
  • abdominal pressure ( pregnancy )
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11
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia

A
  • Heartburn
  • Belching
  • increase in discomfort when laying down after meals
  • dysphagia
  • persistent chest pain after meals.
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12
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A
  • Acidic stomach contents back up into the esophagus.

- Usually caused by a weak lower esophageal sphincter.

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13
Q

Gastritis

A
  • Inflammation of the stomach that happens for many reasons

- can be acute or chronic.

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14
Q

Acute Gastritis

A
  • inflamed, red mucosa

- may be ulcerated.

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15
Q

Causes of Acute Gastritis

A
  • Infection
  • Allergies
  • Ingestion of spicy or irritating foods
  • To much alcohol intake
  • Radiation or chemotherapy
  • Asprin or other ulcerogenic drugs
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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Gastritis

A
  • Anorexia
  • nausea
  • hematemesis
  • Diarrhea
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17
Q

Chronic Gastritis

A
  • atrophy of the mucosa in the stomach

- usually found in clients with peptic ulcers, abuse in alcohol, elderly

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18
Q

Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Leision in either the stomach ( Gastric) or in the small intestine ( Duodenal) caused by an erosion in the mucosal layer.
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19
Q

What Causes Peptic Ulcers?

A
  • # 1 is H. Pylori infection

- #2 is overuse of NSAIDS or aspirin

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20
Q

Signs and Symptoms of a Peptic Ulcer

A
  • Aching pain or burning in the abdomen
  • Spicey Food can initiate pain
  • heartburn
  • nausea
  • weightloss
  • vomiting.
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21
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Peptic Ulcers

A
  • Barium xray
  • Fiberoptic endoscopy
  • Biopsy endscopically
22
Q

Gallbladder Disorders

A
  • Cholelithiasis
  • Cholecystitis
  • Choleangitis
  • Choledocholithiasis
23
Q

Most frequent Gallbladder diysfunction

A
  • Cholelithiasis.
24
Q

Cholelithiasis

A
  • Gallbladder disorder
  • formation of gallstones
    that form in the bile.
25
Q

Cholecystitis

A
  • GallBladder Disorder

- inflammation of the gallbladder and cystic duct

26
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cholelithiasis

A
  • Pain
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Increased LFTs
  • Increased bilirubin
  • May present with Jaundice
27
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Cholecystitis

A
  • Pain ( RUQ )

- Nausea/ Vomiting

28
Q

Treatment of Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis

A
  • Cholecystectomy ( removal of the gallbladder)
29
Q

What causes gallstones?

A
  • When the bile contains high levels of cholesterol

- when there is a deficit in bile salts.

30
Q

Jaundice

A
  • Yellowing of skin and whites of eyes caused by too much Bilirubin in the blood.

Not a disease itself

31
Q

Three groups of Jaundice

A
  • Prehepatic
  • Intrahepatic
  • Posthepatic.
32
Q

Prehepatic Jaundice

A
  • Excessive destruction of red blood cells.

- Nothing wrong with the liver but there is too much Bilirubin for it to process.

33
Q

Intrahepatic Jaundice

A
  • Liver is not working so the bile is not processed and excreted.
34
Q

Posthepatic Jaundice

A
  • There is an obstruction of bile flow into the gallbladder

- Bile can’t leave the liver, so everything is backed up into the blood.

35
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the liver.
36
Q

Causes of Hepatitis

A
  • Viruses ( Hep A,B,C etc)
  • Toxins
  • Idiopathic (fatty liver)
37
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Hepatitis

A
  • Dull RUQ pain
  • Malaise
  • Anorexia
  • nausea
38
Q

Cirrhosis

A
  • Progression of liver destruction leading to liver failure when 80 - 90 % of the liver is destroyed.
  • 5 different categories
39
Q

5 Categories of Liver Cirrhosis

A
  • Alcoholic Liver Disease
  • Biliary Cirrhosis
  • Postnecrotic ( viral ) Cirrhosis
  • Metabolic Diseases.
  • Toxic Hepatitis
40
Q

Manifestations of Cirrhosis

A

Early: Loss of appetite, nausea, weightless, fatigue, weakness, exhaustion, anemia, aching or dull pain in RUQ

Later:

Increased Bruising, edema, jaundice

41
Q

Portal Hypertension

A

High pressure in portal veins causes fluid to shift out of the intravascular compartment into the peritoneal cavity

42
Q

Esophageal Varices

A

Dilated convoluted blood vessels in the esophagus du to portal hypertension.

43
Q

Acute Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of the pancreas due to auto digestion. considered a medical emergency.

44
Q

AutoDigestion

A

premature activation of inactive digestive enzymes

45
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis

A
  • severe pain
  • signs of shock
  • low grade fever
  • abdominal distention.
46
Q

Chrons Disease

A
  • Inflammatory Bowel disease which can affect any area of the digestive tract. ( gum to bum)
  • small intestine is usually the most affected. inflammation and fibrosis.
  • No known Cause
47
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Chrons Disease

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Cramping abdominal pain
  • pain and tenderness in RLQ)
  • Anorexia
  • weight loss
  • anemia
48
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Inflammation starts in rectum and travels into the colon..
  • only invades inner lining of the bowel.
  • mucosa and submucosa are inflamed.
  • interferes with absorption of fluid and electrolytes in colon
49
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Diarrhea
  • blood in stool with pain
  • fever, weight loss
  • only excreting blood and mucosa.
50
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • inflammation and infection of the vermiform appendix

- occurs in 10% of young adults.

51
Q

Signs and symptoms of appendicitis

A
  • nausea, vomiting
  • periumbilical pain
  • Pain in LRQ
52
Q

Intestinal obstruction

A

Lack of movement in the intestines.

Patho (7 decks)

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