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Patho > Module 6,7,8 > Flashcards

Module 6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetic KetoAcidosis ( DKA)

A
  • Extended hyperglycaemia
  • Not enough insulin
  • Inadequate nutrient/glucose intake
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2
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

A
  • Thirst
  • Increased Urination
  • Sweet smelling breath
  • warm dry skin
  • Low Blood Pressure
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3
Q

Oral Antidiabetic Agents

A
  • Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin
  • Respond to insulin or decrease production of glucose
  • Used for type 2 diabetes and well controlled diabetes.
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4
Q

Insulin Therapy

A

Insulin can NOT be taken by mouth

  • Must be injected into Subcutaneous fat.
  • Only short acting insulin can be administered via IV
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5
Q

3 P’s of Diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

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6
Q

Polyuria

A

Large volumes of urine being excreted.

Causes: Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance, Kidney damage

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7
Q

Polydipsia

A

Thirst caused by Dehydration

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8
Q

Polyphagia

A

Increased appetite stimulated by insufficient nutrients entering the cells

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9
Q

Hypoglycemic Shock

A
  • Low blood glucose level effects the CNS

- Usually occurs in clients with Type 1 Diabetes after strenuous exercise

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10
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes

A

Vascular Problems
Atherosclerosis
Changes in small and Large Arteries

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11
Q

Macroangiopathy

A
  • Affects Large Arteries
  • Abnormal lipid levels
  • Slow healing Ulcers ( feet and legs)
  • Frequent Infections
  • Amputation maybe needed
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12
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A 
Caused by ischemia
- Impaired sensation
numbness
tingling
weakness and muscle easing
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13
Q

Infections in Diabetes

A

More common and severe

  • Candida or fungal infections are common
  • UTI
  • Oral Infections
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14
Q

Diabetic Cataracts

A

Clouding of the lens of the eye

could lead to blindness

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15
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Deficit of ADH
Can be caused by head injury
surgery

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16
Q

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome ( IADHS)

A
  • Excess of ADH
  • caused by head injury, infection in the CNS, certain types of cancers

Signs : decreased urinary output, low sodium,

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17
Q

HyperThyroidism- Graves Disease

A
  • Increased T3, T4 secretions
  • High metabolic rate
  • flush and warm skin
  • heat intolerance
  • tachycardia
  • restless, nervous, tremors
  • thin, but increased appetite.
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18
Q

HypoThyroidism

A
  • Low T3, T4
  • Low metabolic rate
  • Endemic Goiter
  • Cold intolerance
  • Bradycardia, enlarged heart
  • lethargic, slow
  • weight increase with
    decrease appetite
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19
Q

Inspiration

A

Air moves from the outside environment into the lungs due to Atmospheric pressure being higher then pressure in alveoli

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20
Q

Expiration

A

Air moves from the inside of the lungs to the outside due to the pressure being greater in the lungs then in the atmosphere.

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21
Q

Compliance

A

is the ability of the lungs to expand

depends largely on the elasticity of the tissues

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22
Q

Risidual Volume

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration

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23
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs

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24
Q

How is vital capacity altered

A

by lung disease
size of thorax
body position
amount of blood in lungs.

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25
Q

Chemoreceptors sense changes in what ?

A

Levels of CO2 hydrogen ions and oxygen in blood or CSF

they respond to slight elevations of CO2

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26
Q

Hypoxemia

A

Low O2 levels in the arterial blood.

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27
Q

Hypoxic Drive

A

Chronic lung disease clients move to this when their breathing is dependant on low oxygen levels rather then elevation in carbon dioxide to stimulate breathing.

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28
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Too much carbon dioxide in the blood stream

usually caused by hyperventilation

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29
Q

Factors effecting Diffusion of Gases

A

Pulmonary fibrosis ( narrowing of airways)
fluid accumulation in alveoli
prolonged inflammation
Pulmonary edma

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30
Q

Spirometry-Pulmonary Functioning Test ( PFT )

A

Tests pulmonary volumes

how much air a client can breath in and out in 1 minute

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31
Q

Oximetry

A

Measures O2 saturations

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32
Q

Excercis tolerance testing

A

Looks at how exercise affects lungs

useful in chronic pulmonary disease diagnosis and progress

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33
Q

ABG Arterial Blood Gas

A

Arterial blood sample vs Venous blood
measure blood levels before gas exchange

  • PO2
  • PCO2
  • Serum pH
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34
Q

Radiography

A

Identifies/evaluates tutors or infections ( pneumonia and tb )

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35
Q

Bronchoscopy

A

Sputum C&S

identifies pathogens and helps identify right therapy

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36
Q

Manifestations of Respiratory disease

A 
Sneezing
coughing 
sputum
breathing patterns 
Wheezing
Accessory muscle use
Breath sounds
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37
Q

Dyspnea

A

Subjective feeling of not being able to inhale enough

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38
Q

Orthopnea

A

More blood pools in the lungs when the person lays down

***Elevate head with pillow to reduce pooling

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39
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish color to skin

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40
Q

Hemoptysis

A

Red tinged frothy sputum

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41
Q

Cause of the common Cold

A

Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract

Rhinovirus usually

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42
Q

Signs and symptoms of the common cold

A 
Nasal congestion
headache
mouth breathing
slight fever
sore throat
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43
Q

Treatment of common cold

A

Treat symptoms
Decongestants
acetaminophen for fever

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44
Q

Causes of Sinusitis

A

Usually a bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergy

Streptococci

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45
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Sinusitis

A

Nasal congestion

Fever

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46
Q

Treatment of sinusitis

A

Decongestants
antibiotics
radiography or translumination

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47
Q

Causes of Influenza

A

Viral Infection affecting both upper and lower respiratory tracts
3 types
A,B,C

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48
Q

Signs and symptoms of influenza

A

Acute onset of fever
fatigue
aches and pains
viral pneumonia

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49
Q

Treatment of influenza

A

treat symptoms unless a bacterial infection occurs

such as bacterial pneumonia .

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50
Q

Causes of Pneumonia

A

Can be a primary acute infection or a secondary infection
Risk after any inflammation or aspiration of the lungs
most organisms enter directly through inhalation.

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51
Q

Lobar Pneumonia

A 
Pneumonia in All of 1 or both lobes
high fever
chills
rusty sputum
Rales with absence of breath sounds
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52
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A 
Scattered Small Patches
multiple bacteria
mild fever
yello/green sputum
dyspnea
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53
Q

Interstitial Pneumonia

A 
Scattered Small patches
influenza virus is the cause
headache
achy muscles
hacking cough
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54
Q

How do you diagnose pneumonia?

A

Xrays
sputum C&S tests
Radiograph.

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55
Q

Cause of SARS

A

microbe coronavirus

respiratory virus transferred via droplets

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56
Q

Signs and Symptoms of SARS

A 
Fever
chills
headache
dry cough
dysnpea
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57
Q

What causes Tuberculosis

A

Caused by mycobacterium

Primarily affects lungs

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58
Q

Primary infection TB

A

When the disease first enters the lungs cause local inflammation
Not active disease

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59
Q

Secondary infection TB

A

active infection
arises years after the primary infection
coughing and then swallowing the bacteria can spread the TB to the GI tract.

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60
Q

Signs and symptoms of TB

A 
Weight loss
Anorexia
Malaise
Prolonged cough
sputum that often contains blood
61
Q

Causes of Lung Cancer

A

Smoking

Occupational or industrial exposure

62
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer

A 
Persistant productive cough
dyspnea or wheezing
chest pain
weight loss
anemia
63
Q

Cause of Aspiration

A

Fluid, food, medication or other material going into the trachea or lungs.
Usually the right lower lung is the target area.

64
Q

Signs and symptoms of Aspiration

A

Coughing and choking
nasal flaring
tachycardia
wheezing

can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest.

65
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity

66
Q

Hemothorax

A

Collection of blood in the plural cavity

67
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

Accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity

68
Q

Asthma process is

A

Inflammation with edema of mucosa
contraction of smooth muscle
increased secretions of thick sputum in passages

69
Q

Status Asthmaticus

A

persistant severe attack of asthma that does not respond to therapy

70
Q

Signs and symptoms of asthma

A 
cough marked by dyspnea
wheezing
breathing is rapid and laboured
thick mucous
tachycardia
71
Q

Treatment of Asthma

A

Avoidance of triggers

inhalers

72
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases ( COPD ) include

A

Emphysema

chronic bronchitis

73
Q

GABA

A

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter

74
Q

Serotonin

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter which maintains mood balance

75
Q

Dopamine

A

Inhibitory and excitatory which regulates movement and emotional response

76
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Excitatory action related to mood, motor activity arousal and reward

77
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Excitatory action which regulates movements and memory.

78
Q

Diagnostic tests for Nervous system disorders

A

Medical imagine
CT scans
MRI
X-rays

EEG
Cerebral Angiography
Lumbar Puncture

79
Q

General effects of neurological dysfunction

A 
decreased LOC
Motor/sensory deficits
seizures
increased inter cranial
 pressure
Local/focal effects
80
Q

What are the two hormones in diabetes mellitus

A

Insulin and Glucagon

81
Q

What gland is responsible for the secretion of Glucagon and insulin

A

Pancrease
Alpha is glucagon
Beta is insulin

82
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Destruction of insulin producing beta cells
Children and adults
Acute onset
Little to no insulin production

83
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A 
Cell receptor sites are resistant to insulin
Older and younger adults
Slow onset
Lifestyle or familial
Mostly overweight
84
Q

Polyuria results in

A

Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
kidney damage

85
Q

Polydipsia is

A

Triggered by cellular dehydration

86
Q

Polyphagia

A

Triggered by cellular starvation

87
Q

Which diabetes are oral anti diabetic agents effective for ?

A

Type 2 and controlled diabetes

88
Q

Hypoglycaemic Shock

A

Low glucose in circulation has immediate effects on CNS

Occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes usually after exercise or skipping a meal after taking insulin.

89
Q

Chronic complications of diabetes

A

Vascular problems
Atherosclerosis
Changes in large and small arteries

90
Q

Chronic complications of diabetes #2

A

Microangiopathy ( changes in micro circulation)

91
Q

Microangiopathy

A 
Obstruction or rupture of small capillaries and arteries 
Tissue necrosis
Neuropathy and loss of sensation
Retinopathy
Chronic renal failure
92
Q

LOC Vegatative State

A

Loss of awareness and mental capabilities.

caused by diffused brain damage

brain stem still working and support the respiratory,cardiovascular and autonomic functions.

93
Q

LOC Locked in syndrome

A

individual with brain damage is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate.

94
Q

criteria for “Brain Death”

A

no brain function: including cortex and brain stem

no brain stem refluxes or responses

no spontaneous respirations when ventilation is taken away

Conclusion of absolutly no recovery from the brain damage.

95
Q

Damage to upper motor neurons cause

A

Interference with voluntary movements

weakness or paralysis on opposite side of body

96
Q

Damage to lower motor neurone cause

A

Weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body

at or below the level of the spinal cord damage

97
Q

Damage to sensory neurons cause

A

loss in senses such as touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing, taste, smell.

98
Q

Transient Ischemic Attacks ( TIA )

A

Vascular Disorder
is a temporary local blood loss in the brain.

usually only last 24 hours.

99
Q

causes of TIA

A

Small embolus,
vascular spasm
atherosclerosis

100
Q

What is TIA a warning sign of ?

A

CVA or Stroke

101
Q

Signs and symptoms of TIA

A

Signs are related to where the lack of blood flow is.

Remain concious
muscle weakness
visual disturbances
numbness in face

102
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident ( STROKE )

A

Infraction of brain tissue due to no blood supple.

103
Q

Different types of CVA ( Stroke )

A

Thrombus
Embolus
Hemorrhage

104
Q

Thrombus

A

Has a gradual onset
an actual clot in the brain
More common

105
Q

Embolus

A

Blockage that comes from somewhere else in the body.

“Travels” to the brain

106
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Fastes onset
highest mortality rate
similar to an aneurism
usually caused by sever hypertension

107
Q

Signs of a stroke

A 
FAST
FACE
ARMS
SPEECH
TIME
108
Q

Treatment of a stroke

A

Clot busting agents like blood thinners
therapy such as PT, Speech
treating the underlying cause such as hypertension.

109
Q

Types of Brain Injury

A 
Concussion
contusion
linear fracture
compound fracture
basilar fracture
contrecoup injury
110
Q

Concussion

A

Mild blow to the head causing excessive movement of the brain.

111
Q

Contusion

A

Bruising on the brain with rupture of small blood vessels.

usually caused by a blunt blow to the head

112
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Skull is fractured
brain is exposed to environment
damage may occur do to bone fragments in the brain tissue

113
Q

Basilar Fracture

A

occur at base of skull

usually has CSF leaking through the ears or nose

114
Q

Contrecoup injury

A

Brain is injured opposite to the impact due to the brain bouncing off the skull.

115
Q

Signs and symptoms of brain injury

A

Seizures
stress ulcers
cranial nerve impairment
CSF leaking from nose or ears

116
Q

treatment for brain injuries

A

CT, MRI
physiotherapy
OT

117
Q

Endocrine Disorders result from

A

too much or too little hormone

118
Q

Causes of endocrine disorders

A

Benign tumor on or in a gland
Autoimmune destruction of a gland
decreased cell or receptor response to hormone

119
Q

Hormone controle

Negative feedback loop

A

Negative feed back loop

levels increas causing other levels to increase
this decreases levels of one hormone to promote the secretion of another hormone

120
Q

Diagnostic tests

A 
Blood Tests
Urine tests
Stimulation or suppression tests
scan, Ultrasound MRI
Biospy
121
Q

blood tests for endocrine disorders

A

Check serum hormone levels

122
Q

General Treatments for endocrine disorders

A

Treat deficit with replacement therapy

treat excess with medications, radiation or surgery .

123
Q

Stimulation or suppression tests

A

confirm the hyper or hypo function of a gland

124
Q

Pituitary Gland Disorders

A

Dwarfism
Gigantism
Acromegaly

125
Q

Dwarfism

A

Growth Hormone Deficit

GH therapy is available for children

126
Q

Gigantism

A

Too much Growth Hormone

127
Q

Acromegaly

A

Effects of too much growth hormone in an adult
broader heavier bones
increase soft tissue growth causeing enlarged hands feet, skull.

enlarged tongue is common

can cause hypertension and cardio vascular disease if untreated.

128
Q

Signs and symptoms of diabetes

A 
hunger
fatigue
dry mouth
itchy skin
blurred vision
129
Q

3 levels of control for diabetic treatment

A

Diet and excercis
oral medication increase insulin
insulin replacement

130
Q

Acute Diabetic complications

A

Hypoglycemia ( insulin shock)

131
Q

Signs of hypoglycemia

A

slurred speech
poor concentration
increased pulse
pale moist skin

132
Q

Diabetic Insipidus

A

Large amounts of diluted urine but increasing amounts of thirst.
lack of diuretic hormone

133
Q

IADHS

A

To much Diuretic hormone
causes the body to retain fluid
causes confusion and irritability

134
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A

Leads to low calcium serum levels

135
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

affects nerve and muscle function
weak cardiac muscle contractions
spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscles
Muscle twitching noticeable in face and hands

136
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Causes hypercalcemia

137
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High calcium serum levels
forceful cardiac contractions
calcium leaves the bone causing osteoporosis
kidney stones

138
Q

Goiter

A

enlargement of thyroid glands

139
Q

Causes of Goiter

A

Hyper and hypo thyroidism

140
Q

Treatment of Goiter

A

hyper and hypo thyroids medications
surgery
radioactive iodine

141
Q

Graves Disease ( hyperthyroidism)

A

occurs more in women above the age of 30

related to an autoimmune factor

142
Q

Signs and symptoms of Graves disease

A

pertruding staring eyes
tachycardia
heart failure

143
Q

Treatment of Graves Disease

A

radioactive iodine

surgery to remove thyroid gland Antithyroid drug

144
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

easily treated by replacing doses of thyroid hormon

145
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A

Excess glucococoricoid

146
Q

Characteristics of Cushings Syndrome

A

Moon Face
fragile skine
retention of sodium and water
Suppression of immune system.

147
Q

Cause of Addison Disease

A

Autoimmune reaction

deficiet in adrenal cortex secretions

148
Q

Signs and symptoms of addison disease

A

fatigue
poor stress response
weight loss
lots of infections

149
Q

Treatment of Addison disease

A

replacement therapy

Patho (7 decks)

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