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Patho > Module 6,7,8 > Flashcards

Module 6,7,8 Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetic KetoAcidosis ( DKA)

A
  • Extended hyperglycaemia
  • Not enough insulin
  • Inadequate nutrient/glucose intake
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2
Q

Signs and Symptoms of DKA

A
  • Thirst
  • Increased Urination
  • Sweet smelling breath
  • warm dry skin
  • Low Blood Pressure
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3
Q

Oral Antidiabetic Agents

A
  • Stimulate beta cells to produce more insulin
  • Respond to insulin or decrease production of glucose
  • Used for type 2 diabetes and well controlled diabetes.
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4
Q

Insulin Therapy

A

Insulin can NOT be taken by mouth

  • Must be injected into Subcutaneous fat.
  • Only short acting insulin can be administered via IV
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5
Q

3 P’s of Diabetes

A

Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia

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6
Q

Polyuria

A

Large volumes of urine being excreted.

Causes: Dehydration, Electrolyte imbalance, Kidney damage

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7
Q

Polydipsia

A

Thirst caused by Dehydration

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8
Q

Polyphagia

A

Increased appetite stimulated by insufficient nutrients entering the cells

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9
Q

Hypoglycemic Shock

A
  • Low blood glucose level effects the CNS

- Usually occurs in clients with Type 1 Diabetes after strenuous exercise

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10
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes

A

Vascular Problems
Atherosclerosis
Changes in small and Large Arteries

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11
Q

Macroangiopathy

A
  • Affects Large Arteries
  • Abnormal lipid levels
  • Slow healing Ulcers ( feet and legs)
  • Frequent Infections
  • Amputation maybe needed
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12
Q

Peripheral Neuropathy

A 
Caused by ischemia
- Impaired sensation
numbness
tingling
weakness and muscle easing
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13
Q

Infections in Diabetes

A

More common and severe

  • Candida or fungal infections are common
  • UTI
  • Oral Infections
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14
Q

Diabetic Cataracts

A

Clouding of the lens of the eye

could lead to blindness

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15
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Deficit of ADH
Can be caused by head injury
surgery

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16
Q

Inappropriate ADH Syndrome ( IADHS)

A
  • Excess of ADH
  • caused by head injury, infection in the CNS, certain types of cancers

Signs : decreased urinary output, low sodium,

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17
Q

HyperThyroidism- Graves Disease

A
  • Increased T3, T4 secretions
  • High metabolic rate
  • flush and warm skin
  • heat intolerance
  • tachycardia
  • restless, nervous, tremors
  • thin, but increased appetite.
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18
Q

HypoThyroidism

A
  • Low T3, T4
  • Low metabolic rate
  • Endemic Goiter
  • Cold intolerance
  • Bradycardia, enlarged heart
  • lethargic, slow
  • weight increase with
    decrease appetite
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19
Q

Inspiration

A

Air moves from the outside environment into the lungs due to Atmospheric pressure being higher then pressure in alveoli

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20
Q

Expiration

A

Air moves from the inside of the lungs to the outside due to the pressure being greater in the lungs then in the atmosphere.

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21
Q

Compliance

A

is the ability of the lungs to expand

depends largely on the elasticity of the tissues

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22
Q

Risidual Volume

A

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration

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23
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs

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24
Q

How is vital capacity altered

A

by lung disease
size of thorax
body position
amount of blood in lungs.

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25
Chemoreceptors sense changes in what ?
Levels of CO2 hydrogen ions and oxygen in blood or CSF | they respond to slight elevations of CO2
26
Hypoxemia
Low O2 levels in the arterial blood.
27
Hypoxic Drive
Chronic lung disease clients move to this when their breathing is dependant on low oxygen levels rather then elevation in carbon dioxide to stimulate breathing.
28
Hypercapnia
Too much carbon dioxide in the blood stream | usually caused by hyperventilation
29
Factors effecting Diffusion of Gases
Pulmonary fibrosis ( narrowing of airways) fluid accumulation in alveoli prolonged inflammation Pulmonary edma
30
Spirometry-Pulmonary Functioning Test ( PFT )
Tests pulmonary volumes | how much air a client can breath in and out in 1 minute
31
Oximetry
Measures O2 saturations
32
Excercis tolerance testing
Looks at how exercise affects lungs | useful in chronic pulmonary disease diagnosis and progress
33
ABG Arterial Blood Gas
Arterial blood sample vs Venous blood measure blood levels before gas exchange - PO2 - PCO2 - Serum pH
34
Radiography
Identifies/evaluates tutors or infections ( pneumonia and tb )
35
Bronchoscopy
Sputum C&S | identifies pathogens and helps identify right therapy
36
Manifestations of Respiratory disease
``` Sneezing coughing sputum breathing patterns Wheezing Accessory muscle use Breath sounds ```
37
Dyspnea
Subjective feeling of not being able to inhale enough
38
Orthopnea
More blood pools in the lungs when the person lays down | ***Elevate head with pillow to reduce pooling
39
Cyanosis
Bluish color to skin
40
Hemoptysis
Red tinged frothy sputum
41
Cause of the common Cold
Viral infection of the upper respiratory tract | Rhinovirus usually
42
Signs and symptoms of the common cold
``` Nasal congestion headache mouth breathing slight fever sore throat ```
43
Treatment of common cold
Treat symptoms Decongestants acetaminophen for fever
44
Causes of Sinusitis
Usually a bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergy | Streptococci
45
Signs and Symptoms of Sinusitis
Nasal congestion | Fever
46
Treatment of sinusitis
Decongestants antibiotics radiography or translumination
47
Causes of Influenza
Viral Infection affecting both upper and lower respiratory tracts 3 types A,B,C
48
Signs and symptoms of influenza
Acute onset of fever fatigue aches and pains viral pneumonia
49
Treatment of influenza
treat symptoms unless a bacterial infection occurs | such as bacterial pneumonia .
50
Causes of Pneumonia
Can be a primary acute infection or a secondary infection Risk after any inflammation or aspiration of the lungs most organisms enter directly through inhalation.
51
Lobar Pneumonia
``` Pneumonia in All of 1 or both lobes high fever chills rusty sputum Rales with absence of breath sounds ```
52
Bronchopneumonia
``` Scattered Small Patches multiple bacteria mild fever yello/green sputum dyspnea ```
53
Interstitial Pneumonia
``` Scattered Small patches influenza virus is the cause headache achy muscles hacking cough ```
54
How do you diagnose pneumonia?
Xrays sputum C&S tests Radiograph.
55
Cause of SARS
microbe coronavirus | respiratory virus transferred via droplets
56
Signs and Symptoms of SARS
``` Fever chills headache dry cough dysnpea ```
57
What causes Tuberculosis
Caused by mycobacterium | Primarily affects lungs
58
Primary infection TB
When the disease first enters the lungs cause local inflammation Not active disease
59
Secondary infection TB
active infection arises years after the primary infection coughing and then swallowing the bacteria can spread the TB to the GI tract.
60
Signs and symptoms of TB
``` Weight loss Anorexia Malaise Prolonged cough sputum that often contains blood ```
61
Causes of Lung Cancer
Smoking | Occupational or industrial exposure
62
Signs and Symptoms of Lung Cancer
``` Persistant productive cough dyspnea or wheezing chest pain weight loss anemia ```
63
Cause of Aspiration
Fluid, food, medication or other material going into the trachea or lungs. Usually the right lower lung is the target area.
64
Signs and symptoms of Aspiration
Coughing and choking nasal flaring tachycardia wheezing can lead to cardiac or respiratory arrest.
65
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural cavity
66
Hemothorax
Collection of blood in the plural cavity
67
Pleural Effusion
Accumulation of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
68
Asthma process is
Inflammation with edema of mucosa contraction of smooth muscle increased secretions of thick sputum in passages
69
Status Asthmaticus
persistant severe attack of asthma that does not respond to therapy
70
Signs and symptoms of asthma
``` cough marked by dyspnea wheezing breathing is rapid and laboured thick mucous tachycardia ```
71
Treatment of Asthma
Avoidance of triggers | inhalers
72
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases ( COPD ) include
Emphysema | chronic bronchitis
73
GABA
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter
74
Serotonin
Inhibitory neurotransmitter which maintains mood balance
75
Dopamine
Inhibitory and excitatory which regulates movement and emotional response
76
Norepinephrine
Excitatory action related to mood, motor activity arousal and reward
77
Acetylcholine
Excitatory action which regulates movements and memory.
78
Diagnostic tests for Nervous system disorders
Medical imagine CT scans MRI X-rays EEG Cerebral Angiography Lumbar Puncture
79
General effects of neurological dysfunction
``` decreased LOC Motor/sensory deficits seizures increased inter cranial pressure Local/focal effects ```
80
What are the two hormones in diabetes mellitus
Insulin and Glucagon
81
What gland is responsible for the secretion of Glucagon and insulin
Pancrease Alpha is glucagon Beta is insulin
82
Type 1 Diabetes
Destruction of insulin producing beta cells Children and adults Acute onset Little to no insulin production
83
Type 2 diabetes
``` Cell receptor sites are resistant to insulin Older and younger adults Slow onset Lifestyle or familial Mostly overweight ```
84
Polyuria results in
Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance kidney damage
85
Polydipsia is
Triggered by cellular dehydration
86
Polyphagia
Triggered by cellular starvation
87
Which diabetes are oral anti diabetic agents effective for ?
Type 2 and controlled diabetes
88
Hypoglycaemic Shock
Low glucose in circulation has immediate effects on CNS Occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes usually after exercise or skipping a meal after taking insulin.
89
Chronic complications of diabetes
Vascular problems Atherosclerosis Changes in large and small arteries
90
Chronic complications of diabetes #2
Microangiopathy ( changes in micro circulation)
91
Microangiopathy
``` Obstruction or rupture of small capillaries and arteries Tissue necrosis Neuropathy and loss of sensation Retinopathy Chronic renal failure ```
92
LOC Vegatative State
Loss of awareness and mental capabilities. caused by diffused brain damage brain stem still working and support the respiratory,cardiovascular and autonomic functions.
93
LOC Locked in syndrome
individual with brain damage is aware and capable of thinking but is paralyzed and cannot communicate.
94
criteria for "Brain Death"
no brain function: including cortex and brain stem no brain stem refluxes or responses no spontaneous respirations when ventilation is taken away Conclusion of absolutly no recovery from the brain damage.
95
Damage to upper motor neurons cause
Interference with voluntary movements weakness or paralysis on opposite side of body
96
Damage to lower motor neurone cause
Weakness or paralysis on the same side of the body at or below the level of the spinal cord damage
97
Damage to sensory neurons cause
loss in senses such as touch, pain, temperature, vision, hearing, taste, smell.
98
Transient Ischemic Attacks ( TIA )
Vascular Disorder is a temporary local blood loss in the brain. usually only last 24 hours.
99
causes of TIA
Small embolus, vascular spasm atherosclerosis
100
What is TIA a warning sign of ?
CVA or Stroke
101
Signs and symptoms of TIA
Signs are related to where the lack of blood flow is. Remain concious muscle weakness visual disturbances numbness in face
102
Cerebrovascular Accident ( STROKE )
Infraction of brain tissue due to no blood supple.
103
Different types of CVA ( Stroke )
Thrombus Embolus Hemorrhage
104
Thrombus
Has a gradual onset an actual clot in the brain More common
105
Embolus
Blockage that comes from somewhere else in the body. | "Travels" to the brain
106
Hemorrhage
Fastes onset highest mortality rate similar to an aneurism usually caused by sever hypertension
107
Signs of a stroke
``` FAST FACE ARMS SPEECH TIME ```
108
Treatment of a stroke
Clot busting agents like blood thinners therapy such as PT, Speech treating the underlying cause such as hypertension.
109
Types of Brain Injury
``` Concussion contusion linear fracture compound fracture basilar fracture contrecoup injury ```
110
Concussion
Mild blow to the head causing excessive movement of the brain.
111
Contusion
Bruising on the brain with rupture of small blood vessels. | usually caused by a blunt blow to the head
112
Compound Fracture
Skull is fractured brain is exposed to environment damage may occur do to bone fragments in the brain tissue
113
Basilar Fracture
occur at base of skull | usually has CSF leaking through the ears or nose
114
Contrecoup injury
Brain is injured opposite to the impact due to the brain bouncing off the skull.
115
Signs and symptoms of brain injury
Seizures stress ulcers cranial nerve impairment CSF leaking from nose or ears
116
treatment for brain injuries
CT, MRI physiotherapy OT
117
Endocrine Disorders result from
too much or too little hormone
118
Causes of endocrine disorders
Benign tumor on or in a gland Autoimmune destruction of a gland decreased cell or receptor response to hormone
119
Hormone controle | Negative feedback loop
Negative feed back loop levels increas causing other levels to increase this decreases levels of one hormone to promote the secretion of another hormone
120
Diagnostic tests
``` Blood Tests Urine tests Stimulation or suppression tests scan, Ultrasound MRI Biospy ```
121
blood tests for endocrine disorders
Check serum hormone levels
122
General Treatments for endocrine disorders
Treat deficit with replacement therapy | treat excess with medications, radiation or surgery .
123
Stimulation or suppression tests
confirm the hyper or hypo function of a gland
124
Pituitary Gland Disorders
Dwarfism Gigantism Acromegaly
125
Dwarfism
Growth Hormone Deficit | GH therapy is available for children
126
Gigantism
Too much Growth Hormone
127
Acromegaly
Effects of too much growth hormone in an adult broader heavier bones increase soft tissue growth causeing enlarged hands feet, skull. enlarged tongue is common can cause hypertension and cardio vascular disease if untreated.
128
Signs and symptoms of diabetes
``` hunger fatigue dry mouth itchy skin blurred vision ```
129
3 levels of control for diabetic treatment
Diet and excercis oral medication increase insulin insulin replacement
130
Acute Diabetic complications
Hypoglycemia ( insulin shock)
131
Signs of hypoglycemia
slurred speech poor concentration increased pulse pale moist skin
132
Diabetic Insipidus
Large amounts of diluted urine but increasing amounts of thirst. lack of diuretic hormone
133
IADHS
To much Diuretic hormone causes the body to retain fluid causes confusion and irritability
134
Hypoparathyroidism
Leads to low calcium serum levels
135
Hypocalcemia
affects nerve and muscle function weak cardiac muscle contractions spontaneous contractions of skeletal muscles Muscle twitching noticeable in face and hands
136
Hyperparathyroidism
Causes hypercalcemia
137
Hypercalcemia
High calcium serum levels forceful cardiac contractions calcium leaves the bone causing osteoporosis kidney stones
138
Goiter
enlargement of thyroid glands
139
Causes of Goiter
Hyper and hypo thyroidism
140
Treatment of Goiter
hyper and hypo thyroids medications surgery radioactive iodine
141
Graves Disease ( hyperthyroidism)
occurs more in women above the age of 30 | related to an autoimmune factor
142
Signs and symptoms of Graves disease
pertruding staring eyes tachycardia heart failure
143
Treatment of Graves Disease
radioactive iodine | surgery to remove thyroid gland Antithyroid drug
144
Hypothyroidism
easily treated by replacing doses of thyroid hormon
145
Cushing Syndrome
Excess glucococoricoid
146
Characteristics of Cushings Syndrome
Moon Face fragile skine retention of sodium and water Suppression of immune system.
147
Cause of Addison Disease
Autoimmune reaction | deficiet in adrenal cortex secretions
148
Signs and symptoms of addison disease
fatigue poor stress response weight loss lots of infections
149
Treatment of Addison disease
replacement therapy

Patho (7 decks)

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