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Patho > Module 13 Blood and lymphatic disorders > Flashcards

Module 13 Blood and lymphatic disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic Tests for Blood and Lymphatic Disorders

A
  • Complete Blood Count ( CBC)
  • Differential WBC count
  • Morphology ( size and shape of blood cells)
  • Hematocrit
  • Hemoglobin
  • Reticulocyte count
  • Chemical Analysis
  • Coagulation Studies
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2
Q

Anemias

A
  • Reduce oxygen transport due to decrease hemoglobin or abnormality in RBC.

Leads too:
- Decreased cell metabolism and reproduction

  • Compensation mechanisms to improve oxygenation to tissues
  • Fatigue, dyspnea and tachycardia
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3
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Iron is needed to produce hemoglobin.

  • Decreased iron means decreased hemoglobin which leads to decreased o2 transport.
  • usually is just a sign of an underlying condition.
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4
Q

Causes for Iron Deficiency.

A
  • Diet
  • chronic blood loss from a bleeding ulcer or hemorrhoid, cancer
  • Severe liver disease could effect iron absorption
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5
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency Anemia

A
  • Pallor of skin and mucosa due to vasoconstriction
  • Fatigue, lethargic,
  • Irritability
  • Menstrual irregularities
  • Delayed healing
  • Tachycardia
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6
Q

Pernicious Anemia B12 Deficiency

A
  • Caused by B12 deficiency
  • B12 is needed for RBC maturation
  • B12 Is absorbed in the stomach.
  • underlying conditions could be gastritis, ileum or stomach resection.
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7
Q

Causes of Pernicious Anemia

A
  • Common cause is malabsorption

- Surgical procedures. ( stomach or ileum resection)

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8
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia

A
  • Enlarged tongue, red sore and shiny
  • decrease in gastric acid leads to nausea and diarrhea
  • tingling or burning sensations in extremities
  • loss of muscle control/coordination.
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9
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Impairment or failure of bone marrow

- can be permanent or temporary

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10
Q

Causes of Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Hep C virus
  • Radiation
  • drugs or environmental factors
  • autoimmune disease ( SLE )
  • genetic abnormalities
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11
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia

A
  • Anemia
  • Leukopenia
  • Thrombocytopenia
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12
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia Disease

A
  • Inherrited condition
  • Hemoglobin is abnormal in shape.
  • deoxygenated HbS causes crescent or sickle shaped RBC
  • Low RBC means Low Hemoglobin
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13
Q

What is the major complication with sickle cell anemia ?

A
  • Sickle Cell Crisis

- Sudden pain throughout the body due to sickle cell blood clumps forming in small blood vessels of limbs and organs.

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14
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia

A
  • Pallor, weakness, dyspnea
  • Jaundice
  • Growth and development are delayed
  • CHF may develop due to increased peripheral resistance
  • frequant infections due to necrosis of tissue or damage to spleen.
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15
Q

Some indications that someone may have a blood clotting disorder ?

A
  • Bleeding from gums
  • constant bleeding nose
  • frequent bruising
  • More then normal bleeding in trauma.
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16
Q

Hemophilia A

A
  • Most common inherited clotting disorder.

- Deficiet or abnormality in clotting factor VIII

17
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hemophilia A

A
  • Prolonged bleeding after minor trauma
  • spontaneous hemmorage into joints
  • Blood in urine and stool
18
Q

Von Willebrand Disease

A
  • most common hereditary blood clotting/bleeding disorder.

- deficiency of of a clotting factor

19
Q

Signs and symptoms of Van Willebrand Disease

A
  • Skin Rashes
  • Frequent nose bleeds
  • easy bruising
  • bleeding of gums
  • abnormal menstrual bleeding
20
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ( DIC )

A
  • Life threaten condition
  • excessive bleeding or clotting
  • Occurs as a complication to other primary problems.
21
Q

PolyCythemia

A

Neuroplastic disorder due to increased production of erythrocytes in bone marrow

22
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia

A
  • headaches, visual disturbances
  • Heart beat bounding and elevated
  • increased blood pressure
  • congestive heart failure develops.
23
Q

Acute Leukemia

A
  • uncontrolled white blood cell production in bone or lymph nodes
  • high number of very immature, nonfunctional cells
  • onset if abrupt
24
Q

Chronic Leukemia

A
  • Uncontrolled white blood cell production in bone or lymph nodes
  • higher proportion of mature cells
  • milder symptoms

insidious onset with better prognosis.

25
Q

Lymphomas

A
  • Group of blood cancers that involve lymphocytes and lymph nodes

two types: Hodgkin lymphoma
non-hodgkin lymphoma

26
Q

Hodgkins Lymphoma

A
  • Rare
  • Involves single cell lymph nodes
  • spreads in sequence
  • Reed- Stenberg Cells
27
Q

Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma

A
  • 5th most common cancer in canada
  • involves wide spread
  • reed-stenberg cells are NOT present
  • Less predictable spread.
28
Q

Signs and symptoms of Lymphoma

A
  • Enlarged Lymph Nodes
  • weight loss
    -anemia
  • low grade fever
    recurrent infections.
29
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A
  • Neoplastic disease
  • involves plasma cells
  • malignant plasma cells replace bone marrow and erode the bone.
30
Q

Signs and Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

A
  • Frequant infections
  • pain, related to bone involvement
  • pathological fractures
  • Anemia and bleeding tendencies.
31
Q

Lymphema

A

Tissues in extremities swell due to obstruction of the lymphatic vessels.

Patho (7 decks)

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