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Patho > Module 1,2,3,4,5 > Flashcards

Module 1,2,3,4,5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathophysiology

A

Study of function or physiological changes in the body that result from disease process.

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2
Q

Why is it important for nurses to understand pathological processes

A

Helps to provide optimal patient care.

Recognition of disease symptoms, progression and treatment.

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3
Q

Pathogenesis

A

Development of disease or sequence of events involved in tissue changes.

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4
Q

Onset of Disease

A

Diseases that are Sudden and obvious or Acute

or Insidious

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5
Q

Insidious

A

A disease may develop Gradual, vague with mild signs

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6
Q

Acute Disease

A

Short-term
Develops quickly
High Fever, Severe pain

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7
Q

Chronic Disease

A

Develops gradually
Milder symptoms that last a long time
Usually causes more tissue damage
usually marked by on and off acute episodes

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8
Q

Subclinical state

A

Occurs in some diseases where pathological changes can occur with no obvious signs or symptoms.

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9
Q

Latent Stage “ Silent Stage”

A

No symptoms or clinical signs evident

can be referred to as incubation stage for some infectious diseases.

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10
Q

Prodromal Period

A

Time early in development of disease where signs are evident but nonspecific ( fatigue or loss of appetite )

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11
Q

Manifestations of disease

A

Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms

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12
Q

Local Symptoms

A

Found at the site of problem ( swelling or redness)

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13
Q

Systemic Symptoms

A

General indicators of illness ( fever )

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14
Q

Signs

A

Objective indicators of disease that maybe obvious to the person who is not experiencing illness
( skin rash or fever )

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15
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective feelings ( pain, nausea )

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16
Q

Lesions

A

Specific local change in tissue

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17
Q

Syndrome

A

Collection of signs and symptoms often effecting more then one organ

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18
Q

Diagnostic Tests

A

Tests that assist in the diagnosis of specific disease. ( blood, biopsy, body secretions)

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19
Q

Remissions

A

Mark the course or progress of a disease

period when the manifestations of the disease subside, either temporarily or permanently

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20
Q

Exacerbations

A

is the worsening in severity of a disease or in its signs/ symptoms.

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21
Q

A Precipitating Factor

A

a condition that triggers an acute episode

( seizure in an individual with a seizure disorder. )

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22
Q

Complications

A

new secondary and additional problems that occurs after the original disease begins ( congestive heart failure after a heart attack)

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23
Q

Therapy

A

treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow down the progression of diseases.

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24
Q

Sequelae

A

Potential and unwanted outcomes of the primary condition

paralysis after a stroke

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25
Q

Convalescence or Rehabilitation

A

period of recovery or return to normal healthy living.

can take months or years.

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26
Q

Predisposing Risk Factors for Disease

A

Age, Gender, Inherited Factors, Occupational exposure, Certain dietary practices.

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27
Q

Idiopathic

A

When a cause for a disease is unknown

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28
Q

Iatrogenic

A

Disease caused by treatment, procedure or error.

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29
Q

Prophylaxis

A

a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease ( in an individual or society )

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30
Q

Seven Steps to Health

A

1) Be a non smoker
2) 5-10 servings of vegetables a day
3) Physical active
4) Protect from the sun
5) Follow cancer screening guidelines
6) Visis doc or dentist if there is any change in health
7) Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using and storing hazardous material

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31
Q

Primary Intention

A

protect healthy people from developing disease

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32
Q

Secondary Intention

A

Happen after a risk or disease has been diagnosed

goal is to halt or slow the progress of the disease if possible

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33
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Helping people manage complicated long term health problems ( diabetes, cancer)

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34
Q

Disease Process Includes..

A

Diagnosis

Etiology

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35
Q

Diagnosis

A

Identification of a specific Disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab tests, or other tools

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36
Q

Etiology

A

Causative Factors in a particular Disease

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37
Q

Prognosis

A

Defines the chances of recovery or other outcomes with diseases.

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38
Q

Morbidity

A

Disease rates within a group

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39
Q

Mortality

A

Number of deaths from a specific Disease

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40
Q

Autopsy

A

After Death biopsy to determine exact cause of death

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41
Q

Epidemiology

A

Tracking the pattern or occurance of Disease

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42
Q

Incidence of Disease

A

number of new cases in a given population

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43
Q

Prevalence

A

Number of new, old, or existing cases in a population and time period

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44
Q

Epidemics

A

High number of cases then expected within a given area

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45
Q

Pandemic

A

high numbers of cases in many regions of the world.

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46
Q

Communicable Diseases

A

Infections that can be spread from one person to another

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47
Q

Notifiable or Reportable Diseases

A

Diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities.

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48
Q

Common Cellular Adaptations

A 
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
MetaPlasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
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49
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in the SIZE of cells

causing reduced tissue mass

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50
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in SIZE of individual cells

causing enlarged tissue mass

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51
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in the NUMBER of cells

causing enlarged tissue mass

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52
Q

Metaplasia

A

when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Deficit in Vitamin A

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53
Q

Dysplasia

A

Cells vary in size and shape

chronic irritation infection or precancerous change

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54
Q

Anaplasia

A

cells are undifferentiated from nuclear and cell structures

seen in most but not all malignant tumours and is the grading point for how aggressive a tumour is

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55
Q

Neoplasia

A

New Growth or Tumour

Benign or malignant

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56
Q

Apoptosis

A

Cell damage that is programmed and is a normal occurrence in the body

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57
Q

Necrosis

A

Death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ caused by irreversible damage,
NOT a programed cellular event

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58
Q

Ischemia

A

Decrease in oxygenated blood to tissue or organ

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59
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen in tissues

Nutritional deficits

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60
Q

Physical Cell Damage

A

Excessive heat or cold

Radiation exposure

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61
Q

Mechanical Cell Damage

A

Pressure or tearing of tissue

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62
Q

Chemical Toxin Cell Damage

A

Exogenous

Endogenous

63
Q

Exogenous

A

Toxins From the enviroment

64
Q

Endogenous

A

Toxins From inside the body

65
Q

Prolonged Stress Can Cause

A 
Renal Failure
Stress Ulcers
Infection
Slow Healing
PTSD
66
Q

Microoranisms Cell Damage

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites

67
Q

Abnormal Metabolites

A

Genetic Disorders
Altered metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism

68
Q

Nutritional Deficits

A

Vitamin Defiency

69
Q

Cell Damage can be caused by

A 
Physical Agents
Chemical toxins
Mechanical damage
Microrganisms
Abnormal metabolites
Nutritional deficits
Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
Hypoxia
70
Q

Hypoxia

A

Reduced oxygen in the tissue.

71
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

When cell proteins are altered
cells retain some form after death
usually occurs in Myocardial infarction ( heart attack)

72
Q

Liquefactive Necrosis

A

Dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes .
When brain tissue dies or certain bacterial infections.

73
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

Form of coagulative Necrosis.
thick yellow,”cheesy” substance forms
Tuberculosis

74
Q

Fat Necrosis

A

fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids because of infection or certain enzymes.
can increase inflammation

75
Q

What are causes of Pain

A 
Inflammation
Infection
Ischemia and tissue necrosis
stretching of tissue
Chemicals
Burns
Stretching of tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
Muscle Spasms
76
Q

Nociceptors ( pain receptors )

A 
Are found in most body tissue
Stimulated by:
Thermal: Extremes of temperature
Chemical: Acids or compounds produced in the body
Mechanical/Physical : Pressure
77
Q

Myelinated A Delta Fibers :

A

Acute Pain is transferred by these fibres

Transmit impulses rapidly

78
Q

Unmyelinated C Fibres

A

Chronic pain is transferred by these fibres

Transmit impulses slowly

79
Q

Somatic Pain

A

From the skin or deeper structures like bone and muslce
More localized pain
Conducted by sensory fibres

80
Q

Visceral Pain

A

Originates in organs
Travels by sympathetic fibres
maybe acute or chronic if there is swelling or infection
location is less specific

81
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of the skin that has specific spinal nerve impulses that correspond to the source of pain so that the brain can interpret the pain.

82
Q

Reflex Response ( Efferent Response )

A

Muscles involuntary contraction away from the source of pain.

83
Q

Neospinothalamic tract

A

Delivers fast impulses.

Acute Pain

84
Q

Paleothalamic Tract

A

Slow impulses

Chronic Pain

85
Q

Analgesics

A

Pain blocking or relieving medication

86
Q

Central Pain

A

Pain caused by dysfunction of damage to the brain or spinal cord
Can be localized or involve a large area of the body
persistant
irritating
can cause suffering over a longer period of time

87
Q

Ischemic Pain

A

Results from a big amount of blood loss to an organ or tissues

88
Q

Cancer Related Pain

A

Caused by advancement of disease
associated with treatment of the disease
can result from a coexisting disease not related to the cancer.

89
Q

Pain Threshold

A

The amount of stimulus needed to cause pain

90
Q

Pain Tolerance

A

Ability to cope with pain

91
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

can be injected or applied topically to skin or mucous membranes
used to block pain transmission from a small area for a short amount of time.

92
Q

Spinal or regional anesthesia

A

Administering local anesthesia to the epidural space of the spinal fluid
blocks pain impulses from legs or abdomen

93
Q

General Anesthesia

A

Inhalation of gas or injection for loss of conciousness

94
Q

Benign Tumor

A

Differentiated Cells
Expands but does not spread
freely movable when touched
not life threatening unless it is in a space such as the brain where pressure can be crucial.

95
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

Undifferientiated, nonfunctional cells
Spread and infiltrate
produce more rapidly
Life threatening by tissue damage and spreading.

96
Q

Systemic Effects of Cancer

A 
Weight Loss
Anemia
Severe Fatigue
Infections
Bleeding
97
Q

Local Effects of Cancer

A

Pain
Obstruction
Tissue necrosis

98
Q

Common Warning Signs of Cancer

A 
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Change in Bowel or Bladder habits
Change in wart or mole
Sore that does not heal
unexplained weight loss
99
Q

Common Screening methods of Cancer

A

Blood Tests
X-rays, ultrasounds
Cytological Tests with biopsies
Self Examination

100
Q

Common Treatments fro Cancer

A

Chemotherapy and radiation
Surgery
Gene Therapy

101
Q

Etiology of Carcinogenesis

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Promotion
  3. Progression
  4. Metastasis
102
Q

Intracellular Fluid

A

Fluid within the cells

103
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

Fluid Outside the cells

104
Q

Interstitial Fluid

A

Extracellular fluid between cells in the tissue

105
Q

Intravascular Fluid

A

Plasma, Lymph

106
Q

Transcellular Fluid

A

Synovial Joints

107
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure is what force ?

A

Push Force

108
Q

Osmotic pressure is what force ?

A

Pull force

109
Q

Edema

A

Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space causes swelling and enlargement of tissue
localized or generalized

110
Q

Causes of Edema

A

1) Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
2) Loss of Plasma proteins
3) Obstruction of lymphatic system
4) Increased Capillary permeability

111
Q

Effects of Edema

A 
Swelling
Pitting Edema
Increase in Body Weight
Pain
Skin Complications
112
Q

Causes of Dehydration

A

Vomiting
Excessive Sweating
Not enough water intake
Diarrhea

113
Q

Effects of Dehydration

A

Dry Mouth
Low Blood Pressure, weakness
increase in confusion
increased heart rate.

114
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low Sodium levels

Below 3.8 to 5 mol per litre

115
Q

Effects of Hyponatremia

A 
Muscle Cramps
Fatigue
headaches
weakness
seizures
116
Q

Normal Sodium Levels

A

135-142 mEq per liter

117
Q

Hypernatremia

A

Excessive sodium level in the blood

more then 145 mEq per Litre

118
Q

Effects of Hypernatremia

A

Weakness
Increased thirst
Decreased urine output

119
Q

HypoKalemia

A

Low Potassium Levels

less then 3.5 mEq per liter

120
Q

Effects of HypoKalemia

A

Renal function impairment
Neuromuscular function
muscle weakness
pins and needles sensations

121
Q

Normal Potassium Levels

A

3.8 - 5 mEq per liter

122
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Excessive amounts of potassium in the blood

greater then 5 mEq per liter

123
Q

Effects of Hyperkamlemia

A

Arrythmias
nausea
muscle weakness
Paralysis beginning in legs

124
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low levels of calcium

less then 4 mEq per liter

125
Q

Normal Levels of Calcium

A

4 - 5 mEq per liter

126
Q

Effects of Hypocalcemia

A

Muscle Spasms
Mental confusion
weak heart contractions

127
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Excessive amounts of calcium in the blood

More then5 mEq per liter

128
Q

Effects of Hypercalcemia

A 
Thirst
Kidney stones
nausea 
constipation
Strong Heart contractions
129
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

Low levels of magnesium in the blood

130
Q

Normal range of Magnesium

A

3 mEq per liter

131
Q

Effects of Hypomagnesemia

A

Insomnia
personality changes
increased heart rate with arrhythmias

132
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

Excessive amounts of magnesium in the blood

133
Q

Effects of hypermagnesemia

A

Decreased reflexes
Lethargy
cardiac arrhythmia

134
Q

Acide base balance normal range

A

7.35 - 7.45

135
Q

Acidosis

A 
When Ph levels are are less then 7.4 
Hydrogen ions increase
depresses central nervous system function
headache
weakness
confusion
136
Q

Alkalosis

A 
When Ph levels are more then 7.4
resulting in fewer Hydrogen ions
increase irritability of nervous system
restlessness
muscle twitching
137
Q

Main “buffer system” for Ph maintenance

A

Sodium Bicarbonate

138
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxed phase of cardiac activity
All valves close
heart chambers fill

139
Q

Systole

A

Cardiac contraction

increase pressure as heart contracts.

140
Q

Cardiac Out put ( co)

A

Volume of blood being pumped by the heart in one minute

141
Q

Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function

A

ECG
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress tests
X-rays

142
Q

Arterialsclerosis

A

General term for all change of arterial arteries

143
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Plaque build up causing narrowing of the artery

Total obstruction leads to myocardial infarction ( heart attack)

144
Q

Angina

A

Not enough oxygen supply to the heart muscle
chest pain
excessive sweating
nausea

145
Q

Myocardial Infarction

A

Totally obstructed coronary artery
pain in shoulder, neck jaw
dizziness
weakness

146
Q

Cardiac Arrhythmia

A

deviation from normal cardiac rate or rhythm
fever
stress
infection

147
Q

Sinus Node Abnormalities

A

Bradycardia
Tachycardia
sick sinus syndrome

148
Q

Bradycardia

A

Regular but slow heart rate

149
Q

Tachycardia

A

Regular but rapid heart rate

150
Q

Sick sinus Syndrome

A

altering fast and slow heart rate usually results in a pacemaker.

151
Q

Arterial Flutter

A

Artierial heart rate of 160-350 bpm

152
Q

Arterial Fibrillation

A

Heart rate of more then 350 bpm

153
Q

Aneurysm

A

Localized dilation and weakening of arterial walls

Patho (7 decks)

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