Module 1,2,3,4,5 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Pathophysiology
A
Study of function or physiological changes in the body that result from disease process.
2
Q
Why is it important for nurses to understand pathological processes
A
Helps to provide optimal patient care.
Recognition of disease symptoms, progression and treatment.
3
Q
Pathogenesis
A
Development of disease or sequence of events involved in tissue changes.
4
Q
Onset of Disease
A
Diseases that are Sudden and obvious or Acute
or Insidious
5
Q
Insidious
A
A disease may develop Gradual, vague with mild signs
6
Q
Acute Disease
A
Short-term
Develops quickly
High Fever, Severe pain
7
Q
Chronic Disease
A
Develops gradually
Milder symptoms that last a long time
Usually causes more tissue damage
usually marked by on and off acute episodes
8
Q
Subclinical state
A
Occurs in some diseases where pathological changes can occur with no obvious signs or symptoms.
9
Q
Latent Stage “ Silent Stage”
A
No symptoms or clinical signs evident
can be referred to as incubation stage for some infectious diseases.
10
Q
Prodromal Period
A
Time early in development of disease where signs are evident but nonspecific ( fatigue or loss of appetite )
11
Q
Manifestations of disease
A
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms
12
Q
Local Symptoms
A
Found at the site of problem ( swelling or redness)
13
Q
Systemic Symptoms
A
General indicators of illness ( fever )
14
Q
Signs
A
Objective indicators of disease that maybe obvious to the person who is not experiencing illness
( skin rash or fever )
15
Q
Symptoms
A
Subjective feelings ( pain, nausea )
16
Q
Lesions
A
Specific local change in tissue
17
Q
Syndrome
A
Collection of signs and symptoms often effecting more then one organ
18
Q
Diagnostic Tests
A
Tests that assist in the diagnosis of specific disease. ( blood, biopsy, body secretions)
19
Q
Remissions
A
Mark the course or progress of a disease
period when the manifestations of the disease subside, either temporarily or permanently
20
Q
Exacerbations
A
is the worsening in severity of a disease or in its signs/ symptoms.
21
Q
A Precipitating Factor
A
a condition that triggers an acute episode
( seizure in an individual with a seizure disorder. )
22
Q
Complications
A
new secondary and additional problems that occurs after the original disease begins ( congestive heart failure after a heart attack)
23
Q
Therapy
A
treatment measures used to promote recovery or slow down the progression of diseases.
24
Q
Sequelae
A
Potential and unwanted outcomes of the primary condition
paralysis after a stroke
25
Convalescence or Rehabilitation
period of recovery or return to normal healthy living.
| can take months or years.
26
Predisposing Risk Factors for Disease
Age, Gender, Inherited Factors, Occupational exposure, Certain dietary practices.
27
Idiopathic
When a cause for a disease is unknown
28
Iatrogenic
Disease caused by treatment, procedure or error.
29
Prophylaxis
a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease ( in an individual or society )
30
Seven Steps to Health
1) Be a non smoker
2) 5-10 servings of vegetables a day
3) Physical active
4) Protect from the sun
5) Follow cancer screening guidelines
6) Visis doc or dentist if there is any change in health
7) Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work when using and storing hazardous material
31
Primary Intention
protect healthy people from developing disease
32
Secondary Intention
Happen after a risk or disease has been diagnosed
| goal is to halt or slow the progress of the disease if possible
33
Tertiary Prevention
Helping people manage complicated long term health problems ( diabetes, cancer)
34
Disease Process Includes..
Diagnosis
| Etiology
35
Diagnosis
Identification of a specific Disease through evaluation of signs and symptoms, lab tests, or other tools
36
Etiology
Causative Factors in a particular Disease
37
Prognosis
Defines the chances of recovery or other outcomes with diseases.
38
Morbidity
Disease rates within a group
39
Mortality
Number of deaths from a specific Disease
40
Autopsy
After Death biopsy to determine exact cause of death
41
Epidemiology
Tracking the pattern or occurance of Disease
42
Incidence of Disease
number of new cases in a given population
43
Prevalence
Number of new, old, or existing cases in a population and time period
44
Epidemics
High number of cases then expected within a given area
45
Pandemic
high numbers of cases in many regions of the world.
46
Communicable Diseases
Infections that can be spread from one person to another
47
Notifiable or Reportable Diseases
Diseases that must be reported by the physician to certain designated authorities.
48
Common Cellular Adaptations
```
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
MetaPlasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia
Neoplasia
```
49
Atrophy
Decrease in the SIZE of cells
| causing reduced tissue mass
50
Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of individual cells
| causing enlarged tissue mass
51
Hyperplasia
Increase in the NUMBER of cells
| causing enlarged tissue mass
52
Metaplasia
when one mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Deficit in Vitamin A
53
Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape
| chronic irritation infection or precancerous change
54
Anaplasia
cells are undifferentiated from nuclear and cell structures
| seen in most but not all malignant tumours and is the grading point for how aggressive a tumour is
55
Neoplasia
New Growth or Tumour
| Benign or malignant
56
Apoptosis
Cell damage that is programmed and is a normal occurrence in the body
57
Necrosis
Death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ caused by irreversible damage,
NOT a programed cellular event
58
Ischemia
Decrease in oxygenated blood to tissue or organ
59
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in tissues
| Nutritional deficits
60
Physical Cell Damage
Excessive heat or cold
| Radiation exposure
61
Mechanical Cell Damage
Pressure or tearing of tissue
62
Chemical Toxin Cell Damage
Exogenous
| Endogenous
63
Exogenous
Toxins From the enviroment
64
Endogenous
Toxins From inside the body
65
Prolonged Stress Can Cause
```
Renal Failure
Stress Ulcers
Infection
Slow Healing
PTSD
```
66
Microoranisms Cell Damage
Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites
67
Abnormal Metabolites
Genetic Disorders
Altered metabolism
Inborn errors of metabolism
68
Nutritional Deficits
Vitamin Defiency
69
Cell Damage can be caused by
```
Physical Agents
Chemical toxins
Mechanical damage
Microrganisms
Abnormal metabolites
Nutritional deficits
Imbalance of fluids or electrolytes
Hypoxia
```
70
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen in the tissue.
71
Coagulative Necrosis
When cell proteins are altered
cells retain some form after death
usually occurs in Myocardial infarction ( heart attack)
72
Liquefactive Necrosis
Dead cells liquify under the influence of certain cell enzymes .
When brain tissue dies or certain bacterial infections.
73
Caseous Necrosis
Form of coagulative Necrosis.
thick yellow,"cheesy" substance forms
Tuberculosis
74
Fat Necrosis
fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids because of infection or certain enzymes.
can increase inflammation
75
What are causes of Pain
```
Inflammation
Infection
Ischemia and tissue necrosis
stretching of tissue
Chemicals
Burns
Stretching of tendons, ligaments, joint capsules
Muscle Spasms
```
76
Nociceptors ( pain receptors )
```
Are found in most body tissue
Stimulated by:
Thermal: Extremes of temperature
Chemical: Acids or compounds produced in the body
Mechanical/Physical : Pressure
```
77
Myelinated A Delta Fibers :
Acute Pain is transferred by these fibres
| Transmit impulses rapidly
78
Unmyelinated C Fibres
Chronic pain is transferred by these fibres
| Transmit impulses slowly
79
Somatic Pain
From the skin or deeper structures like bone and muslce
More localized pain
Conducted by sensory fibres
80
Visceral Pain
Originates in organs
Travels by sympathetic fibres
maybe acute or chronic if there is swelling or infection
location is less specific
81
Dermatome
Area of the skin that has specific spinal nerve impulses that correspond to the source of pain so that the brain can interpret the pain.
82
Reflex Response ( Efferent Response )
Muscles involuntary contraction away from the source of pain.
83
Neospinothalamic tract
Delivers fast impulses.
| Acute Pain
84
Paleothalamic Tract
Slow impulses
| Chronic Pain
85
Analgesics
Pain blocking or relieving medication
86
Central Pain
Pain caused by dysfunction of damage to the brain or spinal cord
Can be localized or involve a large area of the body
persistant
irritating
can cause suffering over a longer period of time
87
Ischemic Pain
Results from a big amount of blood loss to an organ or tissues
88
Cancer Related Pain
Caused by advancement of disease
associated with treatment of the disease
can result from a coexisting disease not related to the cancer.
89
Pain Threshold
The amount of stimulus needed to cause pain
90
Pain Tolerance
Ability to cope with pain
91
Local Anesthesia
can be injected or applied topically to skin or mucous membranes
used to block pain transmission from a small area for a short amount of time.
92
Spinal or regional anesthesia
Administering local anesthesia to the epidural space of the spinal fluid
blocks pain impulses from legs or abdomen
93
General Anesthesia
Inhalation of gas or injection for loss of conciousness
94
Benign Tumor
Differentiated Cells
Expands but does not spread
freely movable when touched
not life threatening unless it is in a space such as the brain where pressure can be crucial.
95
Malignant Tumor
Undifferientiated, nonfunctional cells
Spread and infiltrate
produce more rapidly
Life threatening by tissue damage and spreading.
96
Systemic Effects of Cancer
```
Weight Loss
Anemia
Severe Fatigue
Infections
Bleeding
```
97
Local Effects of Cancer
Pain
Obstruction
Tissue necrosis
98
Common Warning Signs of Cancer
```
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Change in Bowel or Bladder habits
Change in wart or mole
Sore that does not heal
unexplained weight loss
```
99
Common Screening methods of Cancer
Blood Tests
X-rays, ultrasounds
Cytological Tests with biopsies
Self Examination
100
Common Treatments fro Cancer
Chemotherapy and radiation
Surgery
Gene Therapy
101
Etiology of Carcinogenesis
1. Initiation
2. Promotion
3. Progression
4. Metastasis
102
Intracellular Fluid
Fluid within the cells
103
Extracellular Fluid
Fluid Outside the cells
104
Interstitial Fluid
Extracellular fluid between cells in the tissue
105
Intravascular Fluid
Plasma, Lymph
106
Transcellular Fluid
Synovial Joints
107
Hydrostatic Pressure is what force ?
Push Force
108
Osmotic pressure is what force ?
Pull force
109
Edema
Excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial space causes swelling and enlargement of tissue
localized or generalized
110
Causes of Edema
1) Increased Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure
2) Loss of Plasma proteins
3) Obstruction of lymphatic system
4) Increased Capillary permeability
111
Effects of Edema
```
Swelling
Pitting Edema
Increase in Body Weight
Pain
Skin Complications
```
112
Causes of Dehydration
Vomiting
Excessive Sweating
Not enough water intake
Diarrhea
113
Effects of Dehydration
Dry Mouth
Low Blood Pressure, weakness
increase in confusion
increased heart rate.
114
Hyponatremia
Low Sodium levels
| Below 3.8 to 5 mol per litre
115
Effects of Hyponatremia
```
Muscle Cramps
Fatigue
headaches
weakness
seizures
```
116
Normal Sodium Levels
135-142 mEq per liter
117
Hypernatremia
Excessive sodium level in the blood
| more then 145 mEq per Litre
118
Effects of Hypernatremia
Weakness
Increased thirst
Decreased urine output
119
HypoKalemia
Low Potassium Levels
| less then 3.5 mEq per liter
120
Effects of HypoKalemia
Renal function impairment
Neuromuscular function
muscle weakness
pins and needles sensations
121
Normal Potassium Levels
3.8 - 5 mEq per liter
122
Hyperkalemia
Excessive amounts of potassium in the blood
| greater then 5 mEq per liter
123
Effects of Hyperkamlemia
Arrythmias
nausea
muscle weakness
Paralysis beginning in legs
124
Hypocalcemia
Low levels of calcium
| less then 4 mEq per liter
125
Normal Levels of Calcium
4 - 5 mEq per liter
126
Effects of Hypocalcemia
Muscle Spasms
Mental confusion
weak heart contractions
127
Hypercalcemia
Excessive amounts of calcium in the blood
| More then5 mEq per liter
128
Effects of Hypercalcemia
```
Thirst
Kidney stones
nausea
constipation
Strong Heart contractions
```
129
Hypomagnesemia
Low levels of magnesium in the blood
130
Normal range of Magnesium
3 mEq per liter
131
Effects of Hypomagnesemia
Insomnia
personality changes
increased heart rate with arrhythmias
132
Hypermagnesemia
Excessive amounts of magnesium in the blood
133
Effects of hypermagnesemia
Decreased reflexes
Lethargy
cardiac arrhythmia
134
Acide base balance normal range
7.35 - 7.45
135
Acidosis
```
When Ph levels are are less then 7.4
Hydrogen ions increase
depresses central nervous system function
headache
weakness
confusion
```
136
Alkalosis
```
When Ph levels are more then 7.4
resulting in fewer Hydrogen ions
increase irritability of nervous system
restlessness
muscle twitching
```
137
Main "buffer system" for Ph maintenance
Sodium Bicarbonate
138
Diastole
Relaxed phase of cardiac activity
All valves close
heart chambers fill
139
Systole
Cardiac contraction
| increase pressure as heart contracts.
140
Cardiac Out put ( co)
Volume of blood being pumped by the heart in one minute
141
Diagnostic tests for cardiovascular function
ECG
Echocardiogram
Exercise stress tests
X-rays
142
Arterialsclerosis
General term for all change of arterial arteries
143
Atherosclerosis
Plaque build up causing narrowing of the artery
| Total obstruction leads to myocardial infarction ( heart attack)
144
Angina
Not enough oxygen supply to the heart muscle
chest pain
excessive sweating
nausea
145
Myocardial Infarction
Totally obstructed coronary artery
pain in shoulder, neck jaw
dizziness
weakness
146
Cardiac Arrhythmia
deviation from normal cardiac rate or rhythm
fever
stress
infection
147
Sinus Node Abnormalities
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
sick sinus syndrome
148
Bradycardia
Regular but slow heart rate
149
Tachycardia
Regular but rapid heart rate
150
Sick sinus Syndrome
altering fast and slow heart rate usually results in a pacemaker.
151
Arterial Flutter
Artierial heart rate of 160-350 bpm
152
Arterial Fibrillation
Heart rate of more then 350 bpm
153
Aneurysm
Localized dilation and weakening of arterial walls
