Module 9

Question 1

Immunisation (vaccination)

Answer 1

Process to induce specific immunity by artificial means

Exposing a person to antigenic material that is not pathogenic

Question 2

Active Immunity

Answer 2

Administration of a vaccine that stimulates the hosts immune system

Producing both specific antibodies, cellular immunity and memory

Question 3

Passive immunity

Answer 3

Temporary immunity through the administration of antibodies

Question 4

Natural Passive Immunity

Answer 4

Maternal antibodies cross the placenta in the late stages of pregnancy

As the baby’s immune system develops the maternal antibodies are destroyed

Premature infants (>32 weeks) do not receive maternal antibodies and are at a higher rate of infection

Question 5

How does Infants receive antibodies other than Natural Passive immunity

Answer 5

Breastfeeding provides antibodies for even more infections

Question 6

Artificial Active Immunity

Answer 6

Immunological memory stimulated by administration of vaccines

Question 7

Types of Vaccines

Answer 7

Killed bacteria cells (or inactivated)

Live, attenuated (weakened) bacteria or viruses

Inactive toxins (toxoids)

Components of bacterial cells or viruses (subunits)

Question 8

Killed bacteria cells (vaccine)

Answer 8

as they do not multiply, a booster is required for long term immunity

Question 9

Live attenuated bacteria or virus (vaccine)

Answer 9

reduced virulence, however it still has a small chance to cause an infection. Also as it is still alive it can still multiply

Question 10

Inactivated toxins (toxoids)

Answer 10

builds immunity against bacterial exotoxins, which is what primarily causes the disease.

Produces antitoxins

Question 11

Components of Bacteria cells or Virus (vaccine)

Answer 11

subunits

Safe, as it does not contain nucleic acid (no replication)

Requires multiple doses to gain long term immunity

Question 12

Childhood Immunisation at birth?

Answer 12

Hepatitis B vaccination (at hospital)

MMR Vaccine (1 year in)
meningococcal A,C,W,Y (1 year in)
Meningococcal B is also recommended

Question 13

Adults Immunisation

Answer 13

Immunity to Pertussis (whooping cough) declines with age and a booster is recommended

Question 14

Herd Immunity

Answer 14

Individuals who are immune will not be carriers, hence reducing the reservoirs within the community.

Question 15

Adverse reaction

Answer 15

serious uncommon or unexpected event following the administration of a vaccine

(the event may or may not be caused from the vaccine )

Question 16

Who should NOT be Vaccinated?

Answer 16

LIVE Vaccines should not be given to individuals who are immunocompromised or pregnant

Patients who had anaphylaxis from previous or component dose of the relevant vaccine (ALL vaccines)