Module 8

Question 1

HCAIs

Answer 1

Infections that occur in patients in hospitals or other healthcare facilities

Where an infection is not present or incubating at the time of admission

Question 2

Types of HCAI (6 common sites)

Answer 2

Skin
LRT
GIT (Clostridium Difficile)
Bloodstream (5% but high mortality)
Urinary Tract (most common) (catheters)
Surgical Sites (15%)

Question 3

What influences HCAIs

Answer 3

age
Type of treatment/procedure
Immune status
Length of time

Question 4

What is the most common cause for HCAIs

Answer 4

Bacteria, then fungi then virus

Question 5

MRSA

Answer 5

Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

endemic in most hospitals

Most common and the most important

Question 6

Gram negative Organisms

Answer 6

Opportunistic Infections

E. coli
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas

Question 7

Clostridium Difficile

Answer 7

Faecal-oral route

Associated with broad-spectrum antibiotics
- Opportunity is when intestinal microbiota is disturbed

Question 8

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)

Answer 8

Common in surgical wounds

Question 9

5 moments of hand hygiene

Answer 9

Before touching a patient
Before clean/aseptic procedure
After body fluid exposure risk or procedure
After touching a patient
After touching patient surroundings

Question 10

Community Strain

Answer 10

Comes from the community

Usually sensitive to antibiotics

Question 11

Colonisation

Answer 11

Living and reproducing on the human body without causing disease

Does not cause disease in healthy individuals

Question 12

Major sites of colonisation

Answer 12

Nose
Skin
oropharynx
Lower intestine
Lower Urinary Tract

Question 13

Exogenous Infection

Answer 13

Infection caused by microorganisms from a source external to the patient

Question 14

Endogenous

Answer 14

Caused my own microbiota or organisms that have colonised the patient after admission

Question 15

Main Routes of Transmission (3)

Answer 15

Contact (direct and indirect)

Droplet (large infectious droplets)

• (throat, nose, eyes)
• Short distance
• Can only occur indirectly

airborne

• transmission through the air
• via aerosols or small particles

Question 16

Second Most common Type of infection

Answer 16

Following Urinary Tract Infection

Surgical Site infections is 2nd most common

Question 17

Standard Precautions

Answer 17

Routinely applied strategies to control infections in healthcare facilities

Applied to all people, regardless of infection status

Question 18

Transmission-based precautions

Answer 18

Specific interventions where standard precautions may not be enough

Question 19

8 Steps to standard precaution

Answer 19

Hand hygiene
PPE
safe handling of sharps
handling of wastes and linen
Environmental Controls
Respiratory hygiene
processes reusable equipment
Aseptic techniques

Question 20

Negative and Positive Pressure Ventilation

Answer 20

Negative
Maintains flow into the room without letting pathogens out of the room (ISOLATION)

Positive
Maintains flow out of the room to without letting anything In. (For immunocompromised) (prevents pathogens from coming in)