Module 9 Flashcards

Question 1

Q

What are the primary functions of the skin (13 listed)?

Answer

A

It’s primary function is protection. It is crucial to survival. It protects by:

covers the underlying tissue to prevent invasion by harmful microbes
bars entry of most chemicals - minimizes the chances of mechanical in injury (provides ‘cushioning’ for the underlying tissues)
prevents the dehydration of the body
excretes wastes and toxins - provides the matrix in which the sensory receptors are embedded to detect pain, sensation, pressure, and temperature
absorbs the suns rays (manufacturing vitamin D)
shields the body from harmful, damaging rays by producing pigment called melanin that reflects solar rays
regulates body temperature by sweating
synthesizes important chemicals and oils - functions as a sophisticated sensory organ
helps to maintain homeostasis
stores water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D

Question 2

Q

What gives skin its resiliency? What happens to the skin with age?

Answer

A

There is a dense network of interlacing fibres in the dermis, underlying the epidermis. Most of these fibres are collagen, which gives strength and resiliency to the skin. Elastic fibres are also present in the dermis, which makes the skin stretchable and able to rebound. As we age, the number of these fibres decreases, and the amount of fat stored in the subcutaneous layer is reduced; wrinkles develop, the skin sags, and becomes less soft and pliant.

Question 3

Q

What factors put clients at greater risk for developing skin sensitivity reactions to essential oils?

Answer

A

1) Edema
2) Reduced circulation to the extremities
3) Allergies and sensitivities

Question 4

Q

What are the three layers of the skin? Describe each.

Answer

A

1) Epidermis - the outermost layer of skin, which is a relatively thin sheet of stratified squamous epithelium, that is arranged into distinct layers called “strata” - the deepest part of the epithelium is called the ‘stratum germanitivum’, where cell division, a.k.a. mitosis occurs - as they mature, the cells move up through the different strata and differentiate into their specific functions e.g. the cytoplasm may be replaced by a protein called keratin, which is a tough, water resistant layer that is protective to the underlying cells - the primary cells of the epidermis, called keratinocytes, continually shed and are replaced by underlying cells - the outermost layer of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum - the cells of the epidermis are packed tightly together, held firmly in place to one another and to the underlying dermis by specialized connections, sometimes called “spot welds” - if these junctions are damaged by friction, burns, or exposure to irritants, the skin effectively “falls apart” and blisters may result - the deepest layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of melanin (by melanocytes), which gives colour to the skin - the amount of melanin produced by the skin is affected by genetics, and by the amount of light exposure - increased oxygen or blood flow to the epidermis can cause a pink flush to appear on the skin (blushing); contrarily, low oxygen levels or reduced blood flow can give the epidermis a blueish hue, a condition called cyanosis.
2) Dermis - The layer below the epidermis, which is thicker, and is made up largely of connective tissue - connected to the overlying epidermis by tight junctions, which is often referred to collectively as the dermal-epidermal junction - cells are scattered further apart, with lots of fibres between (collagen & elastin) - many of the cells are fibroblasts, to produce the collagen and elastin fibres - contains a rich blood supply brought in by capillaries, as well as lymph nodes which house immune cells - the upper layer is characterized by parallel rows of peg-like papillae called dermal papillae, which add to the dermal-epidermal Junction, and form the ridges in fingerprints - the deepest layer consists of tightly woven collagen and elastin fibres - contains a specialized network of nerves to process sensory information such as pain, pressure, touch, and temperature - scattered throughout the dermis, there are muscle fibers, hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands, and many blood vessels
3) Subcutaneous tissue - is a layer of fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves - provides support for the upper layers of skin - fat in this layer insulates the body from extremes of heat and cold - serves as a stored source of energy and can be used as a food source if required - acts as a shock-absorbing pad and helps to protect the underlying tissues from injuries to the body surface

Question 5

Q

What is the role of receptors in the skin?

Answer

A

Receptors are specialized structures of the nervous system that “detect” sensations such as pain, temperature, and pressure

Question 6

Q

What are ‘Krause’s End Bulbs’?

Answer

A

Krause’s end bulbs are nerve receptors that detect sensations of touch and low-frequency vibration

Question 7

Q

Describe the different parts of a hair follicle.

Question 8

Q

What are sebaceous glands and what do they produce? Where are they primarily found?

Answer

A

They are glands that are attached to the side of each hair, with a duct that opens into the hair follicle, and which produce an oily type of sweat called sebum that coats each hair. They are primarily found on the scalp, face, back, and chest. The only mature and become productive at puberty. The purpose of sebum is to keep the skin lubricated and hydrated.

Question 9

Q

What is another name for sweat glands?

Answer

A

Sudiferous glands

Question 10

Q

What two groups can sweat (aka sudiferous) glands be classified into?

Answer

A

1) Eccrine glands - The most numerous and widespread glands in the body; with few exceptions, they are spread over the total surface of the body. The produce a watery, transparent fluid called perspiration or sweat. Sweat assists in the elimination of waste products like ammonia and uric acid, and it plays a crucial role in body temperature regulation.
2) Apocrine glands - are localized in the armpits and groin; bigger than eccrine glands, they produce a thick, milky secretion. The odour associated with the secretion is not due to the secretion itself, but rather to the byproducts of the bacteria that feed on it.

Question 11

Q

How are nails classified and what are they produced by?

Answer

A

Nails are classified as accessory organs of the skin and are produced by cells of the epidermis. They form when epidermal cells covering the terminal ends of the fingers and toes fill with keratin and becomes hard and plate-like

Question 12

Q

Describe the different anatomy features of a fingernail.

Question 13

Q

What are the four basic skin types?

Answer

A

1) Normal
2) Oily
3) Dry
4) Combination

Question 14

Q

Describe the characteristics of “normal skin”. What are the (4) aromatherapy considerations for normal skin?

Answer

A

Normal skin is characterized as healthy skin that is smooth, blemish free, and glowing. It has excellent hydration, muscle tone, and resilience. The surface of the skin has a fine texture, is soft, and has small pores.

Aromatherapy Considerations:

a gentle aromatherapy cleanser should be used morning and night
essential oils can be used in sweet almond, apricot kernel, and jojoba carrier oils to moisturize normal skin during the day - essential oils in the hydrating cream should be used every night
essential oils in an exfoliator should be used twice per week
appropriate eo’s

Question 15

Q

OILS FOR NORMAL SKIN Name 5 middle notes and 4 base note essential oils that are helpful to use on normal skin

Question 16

Q

Describe the characteristics of “oily skin”. What are the (3) general aromatherapy considerations for oily skin?

Answer

A

Oily skin is characterized by it’s shiny, thick, and firm appearance. Pores look enlarged due to oil trapped in the hair follicles, and skin is often blemished.

Aromatherapy Considerations:

hot, humid conditions tend to make the skin oilier
oily skin benefits from regular use of clay masks and steam treatments to unblock pores and to prevent blackheads and pimples from forming
essential oils can help reduce the amount of sebum produced and control the bacteria responsible for infections

Question 17

Q

What are the (6) aromatherapy considerations for oily skin?

Answer

A

essential oils to control production of sebum
essential oils to control bacteria
essential oils to unclog pores
hydrosols balance pH levels of the skin
hydrosols appropriate for oily skin
essential oils to balance the endocrine system

Question 18

Q

OILS FOR OILY SKIN Name 9 top note oils, 5 middle notes, and 10 base note oils appropriate for oily skin

Question 19

Q

Name 7 hydrosols that are appropriate for oily skin

Answer

A

1) Citrus aurantium var. amara (Neroli)
2) Chamamaelum nobile (Roman chamomile)
3) Citrus clementine (clementine)
4) Hamamaelis virginiana (witch hazel)
5) Juniperis communis (Juniper Berry)
6) Pelargonium x asperum/graveolens (geranium)
7) Santalum album (sandalwood)

Question 20

Q

ANTIBACTERIAL OILS Name 6 top note oils and 4 middle note oils that are antibacterial

Question 21

Q

OILS FOR CONGESTED SKIN Name 6 top note oils, 6 middle note oils, and 4 base note oils that are helpful for congested skin.

Question 22

Q

OILS FOR BALANCING HORMONES Name 2 top note oils, 4 middle note oils, and three base oils that are helpful for balancing hormones.

Question 23

Q

List up to 10 therapeutic strategies for oily skin

Answer

A

oily skin needs cleansing with very warm water and cleanser to prevent the pores from becoming clogged
avoid harsh products that strip the skin of oils and encourage flakiness
they can cause a reaction known as reactive seborrhea, where the oil glands work overtime to compensate for the loss of natural oils
avoid products that leave the skin feeling taut and dehydrated
this literally shrinks the upper layers of the skin, which restricts oil flow through the pores and causes blockages and breakouts
limit washing of the face to 2–3 times a day; washing too much will also stimulate production of oil
tone skin with one or more hydrosols that are appropriate for oily skin
when cleansing, massage skin well with fingertips
after cleansing, apply a natural moisturizer with jojoba or apricot kernel oil to keep skin supple
if skin is scaly, use an exfoliant on alternate nights and follow the treatment with a light coating of moisturizer - apply Clay or mud mask twice per week; blend the mask with one or more of the hydrosols that are good for oily skin, and 1–2 drops of essential oils that are good for oily skin.
Weekly facial saunas using lemongrass, basil, or rose essential oils

Question 24

Q

Describe the characteristics of dry skin.

Answer

A

Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. The skin has a parched look caused by it its inability to retain moisture. It may feel tight and uncomfortable after washing, unless some type of moisturizer is applied. Chapping and cracking are signs that it is extremely dry and dehydrated. Dryness can be exacerbated by wind, extremes in temperature and air conditioning, all of which can further desiccate the skin. Looks dull, and may have tiny expression lines around eyes and mouth.

Question 25

Q

List five aromatherapy considerations for dry skin.

Answer

A

1) dry skin needs to be moisturized at least twice a day
2) wheat germ, jojoba, evening Primrose, Rosa mosqueta, and infused carrot oil are all recommended
3) essential oils to increase sebaceous gland production
4) essential oils to increase circulation
5) essential oils for broken capillaries

Question 26

Q

OILS FOR DRY SKIN Name 1 top note oil, 6 middle note oils, and 6 base note oils for dry skin.

Question 27

Q

OILS FOR BROKEN CAPILLARIES List 2 top oils, 6 middle note oils, and two base note oils for broken capillaries.

Question 28

Q

OILS FOR IMPROVING CIRCULATION List 2 top oils, 5 middle note oils, and 6 base note oils to increase circulation.

Question 29

Q

List 8 hydrosols that are good for dry skin

Answer

A

1) Boswellia carterii (frankincense)
2) Centauria cyanis (cornflower/Bachelor’s Button)

3) Cistus ladaniferous (Rock Rose)
4) Hamamaelum virginiana (witch hazel)
5) Pelargonium x asperum/graveolens (geranium)
6) Rosa damascene (rose)
7) Salvia officinalis (sage)
8) Santalum album (sandalwood)

Question 30

Q

List up to 8 therapeutic strategies for dry skin.

Answer

A

aromatherapy facial to increase circulation and nourish the skin
gentle aromatherapy cleanser (i.e. natural milky cleanser) morning and night
after cleansing, tone the skin with a hydrosol, or more than one (may add essential oils listed for dry skin)
nourishing daytime moisturizer (e.g. using appropriate carrier oils for dry skin)
rich aromatherapy cream to be applied at night
aromatherapy under eye cream (i.e. essential oils added to aloe vera or other gel)
Weekly facial sauna using chamomile, lavender, peppermint essential oils
twice weekly mask using one or more hydrosols added to clay (may add 1-2 drops of essential oils appropriate for dry skin

Question 31

Q

Describe the characteristics of Combination Skin.

Answer

A

Combination Skin tends to be partly dry and partly oily and is susceptible to blackheads and large pores in the T- zone area. When treating combination skin, the oily part should be treated separately from the dry skin. Certain oils have balancing effects on the sebaceous glands.

Question 32

Q

What are two aromatherapy considerations for combination skin?

Answer

A

1) essential oils to balance the sebaceous glands
2) essential oils specific to both areas of the skin

Question 33

Q

OILS FOR COMBINATION SKIN List 4 middle note oils, and 3 base note oils that are appropriate for combination skin.

Question 34

Q

List 3 hydrosols that are appropriate for combination skin.

Answer

A

1) Citrus clementine (Clementine Petitgrain)
2) Lippia citriodora (Lemon verbena)
3) Salvia officinalis (sage)

Question 35

Q

List 2 therapeutic strategies for combination skin

Answer

A

1) cleanse or the android portions of the skin with the cleanser and a sensual oils specific to each area
2) use two masks for the face – one formulated for dry skin, and the other for oily skin. Clay masks can be mixed with hydrosols and essential oils and applied to each area

Question 36

Q

What is acne vulgaris? What causes it? Is it contagious? And what are the (8) aromatherapy considerations for acne vulgaris?

Answer

A

Acne is a skin condition that occurs when the glands produce excessive oil and the pores of the skin become clogged with dirt, debris, bacteria, and inflammatory cells. This blockage, which is called the plug or a ‘comedone’ results in inflammation and swelling of the skin. Pus may form, producing a “whitehead”. Many teenagers experience acne because of hormonal changes that increase sebum production, but it can occur at any age. Sometimes it can have a genetic component, and can be triggered by hormonal changes that accompany menstruation, pregnancy, and birth control pills, or may be triggered by certain drugs like steroids, in addition to high humidity, sweating, and stress. Acne is not contagious.

Aromatherapy Considerations:

essential oils to reduce production of sebum - antibacterial essential oils
essential oils for stress and anxiety
essential oils to reduce inflammation
essential oils to balance hormones
essential oils to prevent or reduce scarring associated with acne
essential oils to aid in elimination of toxins from the body - essential oils to replace allopathic drugs that are adversely affecting the skin

Question 37

Q

OILS FOR ACNE Name 11 top note oils, 9 middle note oils, and three base note oils that are helpful for acne.

Question 38

Q

OILS FOR STRESS List 9 top note oils, 8 middle note oils, and 11 base note oils that are helpful for stress.

Question 39

Q

ANTIBACTERIAL OILS Name 6 top note oils, 4 middle note oils, and 1 base note oil that are Antibacterial.

Question 40

Q

HYDROSOLS FOR ACNE List 10 hydrosols that are useful in addressing acne

Answer

A

1) Achillea millefolium (Yarrow)
2) Cedrus atlantica (Atlas Cedarwood)
3) Hamamaelus virginiana (Witch Hazel)
4) Juniperis communis (Juniper Berry)
5) Lavendula angustifolia (Lavender)
6) Melaleuca alternifolia
7) Pelargonium x asperum/graveolens (Geranium)
8) Santalum album (Sandalwood)
9) Thymus vulgaris (CT1) and (CT6)

Question 41

Q

List 10 therapeutic strategies that can be used to address acne.

Answer

A

unblock pores
decrease bacteria in the sebum
decrease sebaceous gland activity
keep the affected area as free of oil as possible
lymphatic massage to reduce toxins in the body
lymphatic facial to reduce toxins specifically in the face and neck
compresses to soothe the face
steam inhalation to open up the pores of the face
masks appropriate for skin type
relaxation massage

Question 42

Q

What is rosacea? What causes it? Describe the symptoms. Is it contagious? What are some (8) aromatherapy considerations for rosacea?

Answer

A

Rosacea is a chronic complex disorder of the facial skin, often referred to as adult acne, which acts somewhat like an autoimmune condition with flareups and remissions. It is not contagious. Symptoms can include:

flushing
persistent redness
visible blood vessels
eye irritation
bumps and pimples
burning, stinging, or itching
dry appearance
plaques (raised red patches)
skin thickening
swelling

Aromatherapy Considerations: Essential oils to…

calm and soothe the skin
cool inflammation
soothe itching
reduce redness
reduce the appearance of pustules
calm eye irritation (compresses with EO’s or hydrosols)
reduce stress and anxiety
prevent or reduce scarring associated with pustules

Question 43

Q

OILS FOR ROSACEA Name 3 top note oil’s, 7 middle note oil’s, and 7 base note oils that can effectively be used for rosacea.

Question 44

Q

OILS TO REDUCE REDNESS Name 2 top note oils, 6 middle note oils, and 2 base note oils that are helpful for reducing redness.

Question 45

Q

OILS FOR SCARRING Which oils, blended in Rosehip seed oil, are effective at reducing scarring? Name 3 top note oil’s, 4 middle note oils, and 4 base note oils.

Question 46

Q

HYDROSOLS FOR ROSACEA Name three hydrosols that are helpful for rosacea.

Answer

A

1) Matricaria recutita (Blue chamomile)
2) Pelargonium x asperum/graveolens (geranium)
3) Santalum album (sandalwood)

Question 47

Q

Describe 5 therapeutic strategies that can be used to effectively address rosacea.

Answer

A

skin with rosacea is usually sensitive, so maximum of 1% dilution should be used
Rosehip seed oil is an effective carrier for rosacea. It can calm redness and strengthen broken and damaged capillaries. A 1% serum using some of the above essential oils for rosacea in Rosehip seed oil, and applied to the face twice a day can be helpful.
hydrosols can be used to calm irritation, itchiness, and cool inflammation
best applied using a missed or compress. Some essential oils may be used in low dilution.
masks that are appropriate for sensitive skin
relaxation massage

Question 48

Q

What are boils and carbuncles? What causes them? Are they contagious? What are the aromatherapy considerations (6) to treat them?

Answer

A

Boils are most commonly staff infection of the hair follicles, characterized as large, deep, inflamed, and painful pustules A group of boils the fuse together and become larger is referred to as a carbuncle. Boils often appear where there are hair follicles – on the scalp, buttocks, face, chest, back, and under arms. Swelling and tenderness of the nearest lymph glands may occur. Boils are contagious and the pus that comes out of it when it ruptures can contaminate the skin and cause more boils, or enter in the blood stream and cause septicemia. Allergens, stress, poor hygiene, an illness, lowered immunity, certain drugs, poor nutrition, an infected wound, a toxic bowel, thyroid disorders, and constipation can all be factors in the development of boils and carbuncles.

Aromatherapy considerations: Eo’s to….

reduce constipation, if necessary
boost the immune system to fight bacterial infection and reduce the likelihood of a reoccurrence
reduce swelling and pain
make a hot compress as a poultice to draw out the boil - use in a clay mask to draw out the boil
reduce stress

Question 49

Q

OILS FOR BOILS AND CARBUNCLES Name 7 top note oils, 6 middle note oils and 4 base note oils that can be used to address boils and carbuncles.

Question 50

Q

OILS FOR CONSTIPATION Name 2 top note oils, 4 middle note oils, and 3 base note oils that are helpful for constipation.

Question 51

Q

OILS TO STRENGTHEN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM List 4 top note oils, 7 middle note oils, and 5 base note oils that are helpful for strengthening the immune system

Question 52

Q

List 4 therapeutic strategies that are helpful when it comes to treating boils and carbuncles.

Answer

A

Hot compresses to draw out the boil and speed healing - Clay mask with EO’s over affected area - massage or bath with immune boosting and or stress-relieving oils - application of appropriate EO’s in carrier oil to abdomen in clockwise motion to relieve constipation

Question 53

Q

What are warts? What causes them? Are they contagious? What are the aromatherapy considerations (4) in addressing them?

Answer

A

Warts are small, hard growths on the skin that are caused by many different strains of the human papilloma virus family (HPV). “Common warts” may occur on the hands or face. “Plantar warts” are warts that are found on the feet, and “venereal warts” occur on the genitals. They are contagious and can be passed through direct (skin to skin) contact, or indirectly (touching a previously touched surface), or by having sexual contact.

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

boost the immune system
reduce the number and severity of warts
antiviral oils to be used topically, in a bath, or applied by massage
genital warts should not be treated by aromatherapy

Question 54

Q

OILS FOR WARTS List 11 top note oils, 8 middle note oils, and 3 base note oils that are helpful for getting rid of warts

Question 55

Q

ANTIVIRAL OILS List 9 top note oils and 6 middle note oils that are antiviral.

Question 56

Q

List 5 hydrosols that are good for warts.

Answer

A

1) Lippia citriodora (Lemon verbena)
2) Melissa officinalis (Melissa)
3) Origanum vulgare (oregano)
4) Salvia officinalis (sage)
5) Daucus carota (wild carrot seed)

Question 57

Q

Describe 3 therapeutic strategies that can be used to address warts.

Answer

A

apply 1 to 2 drops of an diluted EO to the work, and cover with a bandage. Use wheat germ oil or vitamin E oil to soothe if irritation occurs
add 5 to 15 drops of EO 50-100 g of Epsom salts and add this mixture to a bath. Soak for a minimum of 20 minutes.
apply antiviral oils topically to assist the immune system

Question 58

Q

What is contact dermatitis? Describe the two kinds. What causes it? Is it contagious? What are the aromatherapy considerations?

Answer

A

1) Irritant Dermatitis - The most common type of contact dermatitis is caused from exposure of the skin to acids, alkalines, detergent, solvents, or other chemicals. Usually resembles a burn.
2) Allergic Contact Dermatitis - occurs after exposure of the skin to a substance that the person is allergic to or has developed a sensitivity to. But now that varies from mild irritation to redness and even sores. eg. nickel, latex or rubber, detergents, adhesives etc It is not contagious.

Question 59

Q

What is adult seborrhoeic dermatitis? What causes it? Is it contagious?

Answer

A

Seborrhoeic dermatitis is a type of eczema affecting the scalp, face, and trunk, causing scaly, itchy, flaky red skin. It particularly affects the sebum-gland rich areas. It is associated with the fungus - malassezia furfur or pityosporum ovale. Flareups may be caused by allergens and aggravated by stress. It is not contagious.

Question 60

Q

What is infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis? What causes it? Is it contagious?

Answer

A

Infantile seborrhoeic dermatitis a.k.a. “cradle cap” occurs in infants that are less than one year of age. Most commonly on the back of the head, but maybe all over the scalp and face. Treatment is application of shampoo or lotion to the affected area with German or Roman chamomile added (0.25-1%). It is not contagious.

Question 61

Q

What is atopic dermatitis? What causes it?

Answer

A

Atopic dermatitis is a very common skin ailment, also called eczema, dermatitis, or atopy. May be considered a type of skin allergy, and is part of the asthma – allergies (hayfever) – eczema triad. “Atopic” refers to diseases that are hereditary. The skin becomes extremely itchy, inflamed, red, swollen, cracked, weeping, and scaly. Can occur at any age, but most common in children. Characterized by flares and remissions.

Question 62

Q

What is photo dermatitis? What causes it?

Answer

A

Photo dermatitis is a skin irritation that occurs when a substance that magnifies the effects of sunlight is applied to the skin prior to going out in the sun. Common culprits are shaving lotions, sunscreens, sulfa ointments, perfumes, coal tar products, and some essential oils.

Common symptoms:

itchiness (pruritis)
skin redness (inflammation)
tenderness
localized swelling
warmth of the skin
skin lesions (redness, rash, bumps, vesicles, and blisters; maybe oozing, draining, or crusting, scaly, raw or thickened)

Question 63

Q

Describe six aromatherapy considerations for eczema and dermatitis

Answer

A

Eo’s to….

soothe allergies related to specific eczema or dermatitis condition
reduce local irritation
reduce swelling and heat
reduce itchiness
boost the immune system
reduce stress

Question 64

Q

OILS TO REDUCE ITCHINESS Name 4 middle note oils and 3 base note oils to reduce itchiness

Answer 42

A

1) Daucus carota (wild carrot seed)
2) Lavendula angustifolia
3) Matricaria recutita (blue chamomile)
4) Melissa officinalis (Melissa)

Answer 43

A

1) Topical application of anti-pruritics such as German chamomile, lavender, and sandalwood to reduce itching (as a compress, as a mist with water, or hydrosol spritzed on the skin)
2) Topical applications of anti-inflammatory essential oils such as German chamomile, helichrysum, and yarrow to heal lesions. (As a mist, a compress, or added to a carrier lotion).
3) Oils with astringent properties like Juniper berry will reduce weeping. General rule of “wet on wet”. (Apply with dressings soaked in EO solution of choice. Apply 3–4 times per day. Some effective EO’s are German chamomile, yarrow, helichrysum, myrrh, and lavender)
4) For dry lesions, EO’s are best applied in ointments and emollient creams (oils such as German chamomile, yarrow, Sandalwood, lavender, palmerosa, and patchouli)
5) Massages and baths can be used to boost the immune system and relieve stress
6) Bath in one of the appropriate hydrosols

Answer 44

A

Psoriasis is a non-contagious skin condition that is “hyper proliferative”, causing rapid skin cell reproduction, resulting in red, scaly, dry patches and thickened skin primarily on the elbows, knees, and scalp. There is no known cause. Stress and other factors such as dry weather can exacerbate it. There are 5 different types:

1) Psoriasis vulgaris (common)
2) Guttate psoriasis (small, drop-like spots)
3) Inverse psoriasis (underarms, in folds of buttocks, navel)
4) Palmoplantar psoriasis (affecting primarily the palms of the hands and soles of the feet)
5) Pustular psoriasis (liquid-filled yellowish blisters)

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

1) boost the immune system
2) reduce skin inflammation
3) reduce itchiness
4) reduce appearance of psoriasis
5) reduce stress

Answer 45

A

1) Daucus carota (wild carrot seed)
2) Lavendula angustifolia
3) Matricaria recutita (Blue chamomile)
4) Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)
5) Santalum album (sandalwood)

Answer 46

A

1) psoriasis is a difficult condition to treat, the remedy required varies a lot from person to person, so a substantial amount of experimentation may be required. Each trial blend should be tried for three weeks and detailed records should be kept.
2) topical application of antipruritics such as German chamomile, lavender, and sandalwood to reduce itching (compress, mist, or hydrosol spritzer)
3) topical application of anti-inflammatory oils such as German chamomile, helichrysum, and yarrow to heal lesions (mist, compress, in carrier lotion)
4) A massage oil prepared with evening Primrose oil, wheat germ, and/or jojoba carrier oils with EO’s that are anti-inflammatory, detoxifying, and antipruritic. Apply to the skin twice a day, morning and evening.
5) other carriers suggested for psoriasis are avocado, carrots seed, and sesame.

Answer 47

A

1) 1st° burns – minor discomfort and reddening of the skin, such as a minor sunburn. The surface of the skin may peel in 1 to 3 days, but no blistering occurs and tissue damage is minimal
2) 2nd° burns: involves the deep epidermal layer – blisters, severe pain, swelling, and fluid loss can occur
3) 3rd° burns: causes complete destruction of the epidermis and underlying dermis. Tissue death extends into the subcutaneous layers. Can involve underlying muscle and bone. No pain immediately afterward, because nerve receptors destroyed. Fluid loss from third-degree burns is a serious problem.

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

Speed up healing and reduce pain and scarring
regenerate skin
reduce pain
3rd° burns shouldn’t be treated by an aromatherapist, unless indicated by a doctor

Answer 48

A

1) Lavendula angustifolia
2) Matricaria recutita (Blue chamomile)
3) Santalum album (sandalwood)

Answer 49

A

1) Apply lavender neat to first or 2nd° burns to reduce pain, promote rapid healing, and reduce scarring
2) Soak cotton in hydrosol and compress on top. Repeat every five minutes according to the severity of the burn. For very severe burns, combine German chamomile hydrosol with lavender EO as a compress
3) Mailhebiau recommends using lavender with St. John’s wort infused oil for the treatment of burns - carrot seed oil helps to regenerate the skin
4) Tea tree can be used need on the skin alone or in combination with lavender
5) Prepare a mist with one or more appropriate eo’s and spray on the burned area frequently - add some of the above EO’s in infused oil to a tepid bath

Answer 50

A

Allergy hives (urticaria) appears as raised welts on the skin that are irritating and itchy as a result of exposure of the body to allergens or in response to emotional stress, heat, infection, or an immune system disorder.

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

1) Soothe the skin
2) Reduce inflammation and itchiness
3) Stimulate the immune system and liver function
4) Reduce stress
5) Capitalize on antihistamine properties of some oils

Answer 51

A

1) Eucalyptus globulus
2) Rosemary CT verbenone

Answer 52

A

1) Massage the abdomen with oils for the immune system and liver function. This should be a gentle circles in a clockwise motion, and should also include a rocking motion to help mobilize and strengthen the liver
2) A warm bath with oils or hydrosols diluted in sea salts or carrier oil to detoxify the body
3) Full body detoxification massage
4) hydrosols misted on to areas of hives/rash
5) oils applied topically, specifically to hives to reduce inflammation and itchiness, or as a full body massage
6) Oil applied either topically or through inhalation to reduce stress

Answer 53

A

Athletes foot (tinea pedis) is an infection of the feet caused by a fungus. It appears as cracked, flaking, peeling skin between the toes. It is usually red and itchy, and may be burning or stinging, with blisters, oozing, or crusting. It is contagious and can be spread through direct contact or indirectly with surfaces such as socks, pool decks etc; it can also spread to the hands, heels, and groin.

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

decrease perspiration
soothe pain
reduce itching
inhibit growth of fungi

Answer 54

A

1) Lavandula angustifolia
2) Melaleuca quinquinervia CT nerolidol and Linalool (Niaouli)
3) Matricaria recutita (Blue chamomile)
4) Origanum vulgare (oregano)
5) Salvia officinalis (sage)
6) Pinus sylvestris (pine)
7) Melaleuca alternifolia (Teatree)
8) Thymus vulgaris CT1 (Thyme geraniol)
9) Thymus vulgaris CT2 (Thyme linalool)
10) Satureja montana (winter savoury)

Answer 55

A

1) wash feet in water with appropriate EO’s and/or hydrosol added
2) Add Sage to cornstarch and apply to the area of concern to inhibit the growth and spread of fungus and to decrease perspiration wetness
3) Vinegar or cornstarch-based preparation made with EO’s can help treat fungal infections
4) Wear only cotton socks
5) After foot soaking and complete drying, apply a solution of vinegar and EO’s to the feet and in between toes. Do this at least once a day while the infection is active. EO’s of eucalyptus, lavender, lemon, geranium, Tea tree, and myrrh are some of the most powerful fungicidal EO’s. Peppermint also reduces itching.
6) If fungal infections have spread to other areas of the body, add EO’s and/or hydrosols to sea salts or Epsom salts in a warm bath
7) Make sure shoes are clean inside and sprinkle with EO’s added to cornstarch or a hydrosol mist.

Answer 56

A

Shingles (herpes zoster) is a skin and nerve condition that is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox. After contracting chickenpox, the virus can lie dormant in nerve roots for years. Shingles attacks sensory nerves and causes clusters of blisters on the surface of the skin above affected nerves. The pain is often felt before the blisters appear and can persist for weeks or even months. Factors such as stress, cancer, and a compromised immune system make one more vulnerable to attack by this virus.

Aromatherapy considerations: EO’s to…

boost the immune system
reduce irritation and itching
ease depression
beat viruses, inflammation, and pain (antiviral, anti inflammatory and analgesic oils)

Answer 57

A

1) Tilea europaea (Kaffir Lime)
2) Chamamaelum nobile (Roman Chamomile)

Answer 58

A

1) Apply lavender and/or tea tree directly on the spine and on the area where it is breaking out, at least twice a day when the symptoms appear. Both are antiviral and lavender is analgesic.
2) Add one or more of the essential oils listed above, diluted in salts, or carrier oil, in a tepid bath or foot bath to boost the immune system, help with depression, and alleviate other symptoms
3) Patricia Davis recommends applying 50/50 blend of bergamot and tea tree neat on the blisters
4) Kurt Schnaubelt recommends that once blisters have disappeared, if pain persists, regular application of Roman Chamomile hydrosols will bring relief.
5) Ravensara for shingles

Answer 59

A

1) Juniperis communis (Juniper Berry)
2) Mentha piperita (Peppermint)

Answer 60

A

1) Rosa damascena (Bulgarian rose)
2) Salvia sclarea (Sage)

Answer 61

A

It is a viral infection that is caused by the herpes simplex virus, which manifests itself in tender blistered lesions that often weep and crust over. These lesions appear in mucous membranes - around the mouth, nose, eyes and/or genitals. It is highly contagious and can spread from person-to-person and from one part of the body to another. There are two strains - Type 1 (H. simplex or labalis) which affects the head, and Type 2 that infects mainly the genitals and spreads by sexual contact. However, both kinds can be transferred between the head and genitals. It is possible to be a ‘carrier’ and shed viruses, even though no lesions are present at the time.

Aromatherapy considerations:

EO’s that are antiviral
to strengthen immune system
EO’s to reduce itchiness
EO’s to reduce stress

Therapeutic Strategies:

some aromatherapists recommend three applications of neat Melissa directly onto the blister for one day
for children, a blend of Melissa and rose otto can be applied to the blister
Patricia Davis recommends using bergamot, Tea tree, and eucalyptus in a solution of alcohol directly onto the blisters at the first sign of eruption (six drops in five mLs alcohol)
use appropriate hydrosols with or without essential oils in a mist to control itching
add one or more of the essential oils and/or hydrosols listed diluted and sea salt, Epsom salts, or a carrier oil in a tepid bath or footbath to boost the immune system, help with itching, and reduce stress
use antiviral essential oils in a bath or a massage to reduce reoccurrence

Answer 62

A

1) boost the immune system to control the herpes infection
2) use antiviral essential oils to reduce reoccurrence
3) Control stress
4) Sooth pain and itching

Answer 63

A

1) Squamous cell carcinoma - A slow-growing malignant tumour of the epidermis is the most common kind of skin cancer. Lesions typical of this form are hard, raised nodules that are painless
2) Basal cell carcinoma - usually occurs on the upper part of the face and begins in the cells at the base of the epidermis (the basal layer of the stratum germinativum). Deletions typically begin as papules that erode in the centre to form a bleeding, crusted crater
3) malignant melanoma – is the most serious form of skin cancer, causing death in one out of four cases. It is also the fastest increasing form of cancer in North America. Sometimes develops from a pigmented mole to become a dark, spreading lesion. It is a rapidly spreading cancer. Although there is some genetic predisposition that plays a role in skin cancer, it is believed that exposure to the sun’s UV radiation is the most influential factor causing common skin cancers. Skin cells have a natural ability to repair UV damage to the DNA, but in some people, the damage is too great. In a condition called xeroderma pigmentosum, a rare inherited condition, the individual is unable to repair UV damage at all, and the outcome is almost always skin cancer.

Aromatherapy considerations:

Studies show that frankincense is strong immune stimulant with the ability to repair DNA. The boswellic acids within frankincense resin have anticarcinogenic and antitumoral activity.
Another study shows that a compress with carrot seed oil is effective
EO’s to boost the immune system in a bath or massage - EO’s to reduce stress and depression
EO’s with phototoxic properties should be avoided
According to Tisserand, Angelica root, bergamot, and rue should be avoided.

Answer 64

A

1) Compress: opens pores and increases circulation. Using 2 hand towels, soak them in hot water with 1-2 drops EO in it. Wring them out, and apply one to the forehead, and the other starting with its center at the chin and up both sides of the face. Press down lightly on the hot towels, and remove after about 1 minute by slowly rolling each one up and off the face.
2) Cleansing: remove dirt or impurities from the skin - bacteria, oils, makeup, dirt etc. Helps dislodge blockages s/a blackheads. Cleanser should not disrupt the acid mantle (change pH). Use eo’s that rejuvenate, control sebaceous glands, or soothe.
3) Masks: Nourish, replenish, moisturize and normalize skin secretions, tighten skin, and invigorate the complexion. Ideally, masks are used 1 to 2 times per week. Allow the mask to partially dry, and then rinse with warm water - don’t fully dry, because skin stretches and causes wrinkles
4) Toning: leaves the face moist, which allows for better absorption of serum or moisturizer. Gentle toners made of hydrosols to restore pH level of the skin and promote a more vibrant complexion. Alcohol-based toners dry out the skin.
5) Serum/facial massage: create a protective barrier between the skin and the environment. They plump up skin by rehydrating and preventing moisture loss. Give skin a soft, supple appearance. Serums are considered “food” for the skin.
6) Moisturizing: moisturizers create a protective barrier between the skin and the environment,thus prevent moisture loss. Keeps skin smooth and supple. Creams and lotions tend to rehydrate the skin, so are often considered “water” for the skin
7) Exfoliation: gently sloughs off skin cells that can contribute to blackheads, blemishes, wrinkles, and dryness. Can improve circulation and gives the skin a healthy glow.
8) Facial steams: deep cleansing for the skin. Appropriate for all skin types to recharge and rejuvenate. Add several drops of each EO to a bowl of hot water, cover head with a towel, and steam for 3-5 minutes. Dip a face towel into the water and gently press to face. Follow by herbal toner or mask.

Answer 65

A

A hydrosol is the ‘reconstituted’ or condensed water that is collected after steam or hydro- distillation of raw plant material. This water distillate contains water-soluble constituents and heavier molecules from the plant that are not volatile and therefore not part of the EO. It contains traces of its counterpart EO.

Answer 66

A

A hydrosol with a pH less than 7.0 is considered acidic, and those above are alkaline. Most harmful bacteria can’t handle a pH greater than 4.5. Fungi also thrive in acidic pH. It’s important to clean containers intended for hydrosols thoroughly and sterilize with alcohol, to prevent fungal and bacterial contamination.

Answer 67

A

Hydrosols are gentler and more fragile than their EO counterpart. They can be used neat on the skin. However, they don’t have the same antimicrobial properties. And they’re subject to more rapid degradation. Shelf life is only 6-48 months (depending on type) even in ideal conditions.

Answer 68

A

They become more alkaline.

Answer 69

A

They can be used in place of water in natural fragrances, lotions, creams, facial toners, added to a bath, or a body spray.

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Module 9 Flashcards

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