Module 11 Flashcards
Define stress
*the number or degree of demands placed on a person versus their ability to deal with them - can come from inside or outside world
- response to stress affect the individual their environment
- can be neutral, negative or positive (biological view)
- acute or chronic:
acute - a response to an immediate perceived threat that is either physical, emotional or psychological
chronic - a state of ongoing physiological arousal
homeostasis
A term coined by neurologist Walter Cannon to describe the concept put forward by Claude Bernard, namely that there is a constantly fluctuating steady state, described as a ‘dynamic equilibrium’ in the body’s internal environment (milieu interieur) which requires tightly controlled adjustments within narrow parameters; physiological control that is essential to survival. External changes in the environment or forces that change the internal balance must be reacted to and compensated for eg. temperature, oxygen concentration in the air, expenditure of energy, presence of predators and disease.
* Plus, Walter Cannon was the first to recognize that stressors can be emotional or physical; further, he demonstrated the “flight or fight response”; and he traced the body’s reactions back to two hormones released from the adrenal medulla – adrenaline (epinephrine) & noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
stress: important men and terms
*Claude Bernard - French physiologist: first put forward concept of dynamic equilibrium (which he called the milieu interieur) *Walter Cannon - neurologist: expanded ‘dynamic equilibrium’ and brought in the word homeostasis - his experiments demonstrated ‘fight or flight’ -traced the reactions to release of neurotransmitters from the medulla (part of the adrenal gland) *Hans Selye - early scientist: built on Cannon’s work and included: the body’s stress response system (pituitary gland) is important in physiological response to stress…he used the word ‘stress’ from physics and engineering: mutual actions of forces that take place across any section of the body, physical or psychological - rats in adverse situations, exposed to constant stress had enlargement of the adrenal glands, gastrointestinal ulcers, atrophy of immune system
- called: general adaptation (adjustment) or stress syndrome -normal, healthy appropriate adjustments vs. damage, illness
- conclusion: overstress can be harmful
two main systems involved in stress and the five most important concepts about them
1) hypothalamic -pituitary - adrenal (HPA) axis
2) sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
i) they are governed by a feedback loop to regulate their response
ii) they interact with each other
iii) they influence other brain systems and functions
iv) genetic (inherited) variability affects the responses of both systems.
v) prolonged /overwhelming responses of these systems can be harmful to an individual
What is the difference between acute stress and chronic stress?
1) acute stress is the body’s response to an immediate perceived threat that is either physical, emotional, or psychological. The threat can be real or imagined. During an acute stress response, the autonomic nervous system is activated, stimulant hormones flood the body, resulting in increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rapidity, and pupil dilation.
2) chronic stress is an ongoing state of heightened physiological arousal. This occurs when the body experiences so many stressors that the autonomic nervous system rarely has a chance to activate the relaxation (parasympathetic) response. This leaves the body flooded with stimulatory hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, constantly. The ongoing stimulation and inflammation can wear the body down.
Define the ‘milieu interieur’ as envisioned by French physiologist Claude Bernard.
The milieu interieur refers to the state of the internal environment of the body. He applied the principles of dynamic equilibrium to the body’s internal environment, where constancy and a steady state in the internal environment is essential to survival. Therefore external changes or forces that change the internal balance must be reacted to and compensated for if the organism is to survive.
What are neurotransmitters?
Neurotransmitters are chemical signals produced by neurons to communicate with or stimulate/block other neurons.
What are the two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
How did Hans Selye define stress?
He defined stress from a physics and engineering point of view, as “mutual actions of forces that take place across any section of the body, physical or psychological”. Selye extended Cannon’s observations, including the pituitary gland as part of the stress response system - he recognized that this gland controls the secretion of other hormones, including cortisol from the adrenal cortex during the stress response.
What does HPA stand for? Describe how the system is involved in the stress response.
HPA stands for the hypothalamus-pituitary axis. It describes a cascade of responses by the brain, the pituitary, and the adrenals when the body is responding to stress, as follows:
1) The hypothalamus produces corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)
2) CRF travels to the pituitary gland and triggers it to produce adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
3) ACTH travels through the bloodstream to the adrenals and stimulates the production of cortisol from the adrenal cortex.
4) cortisol makes carbs, fat and protein more available, which is needed to respond to stress – but if it remains elevated too long, causes muscle breakdown and a decreased inflammatory response, ultimately suppressing the immune system.
What does SNS stand for? What is it responsible for?
It stands for the sympathetic nervous system, which is one half complement of the autonomic nervous system as a whole (the other component is the parasympathetic nervous system).
The SNS:
- dilates pupils
- inhibits flow of saliva
- accelerates heartbeat
- diverts blood to the muscles and away from the digestive organs
- dilates bronchi - inhibits peristalsis and secretion in the G.I. tract
- conversion of glycogen to glucose
- inhibits bladder contraction
What does PNS stand for? What is responsible for?
The parasympathetic nervous system, which is the antagonist to the sympathetic nervous system, and half of the autonomic nervous system.
The PNS is responsible for:
- constricting pupils
- stimulating saliva production
- slowing heart rate
- constricting bronchi
- stimulating G.I. peristalsis and secretion
- stimulating release of bile
- contracting bladder
What is the definition of autoimmune disease?
Autoimmune disease is a classification of conditions where the body’s immune system attacks its own tissues eg. multiple sclerosis, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease
Define GAD and give some examples of symptoms.
GAD is Generalized Anxiety Disorder and is defined as an excessive, exaggerated anxiety and worry about every day life events with no obvious reasons for worry.
Symptoms may include:
- excessive, ongoing worry and tension
- an unrealistic view of problems
- restlessness or a feeling of being “edgy”
- irritability
- muscle tension
- headaches
- sweating
- difficulty concentrating
- nausea
- need to go to the bathroom frequently
- tiredness
- trouble falling or staying asleep
- trembling
- being easily startled
What is panic disorder? What are some of the symptoms?
Panic disorder is a serious condition that strikes without reason or warning, includes sudden attacks of fear and nervousness, as well as physical symptoms such as a racing heart and sweating.
Symptoms may include:
- difficulty breathing
– Pounding heart or chest pain
– Intense feelings of fear
– Sensation of choking or smothering
– Dizziness or feeling faint
– Trembling or shaking
– Sweating
– Nausea or stomach ache
– Tingling or numbness in the fingers and toes
– Chills or hot flashes
– Fear of losing control or being about to die
– Fear of having future attacks
What is a phobia? Give some examples.
A Phobia is defined as an irrational fear that produces a conscious avoidance of the feared subject, activity, object, or situation.
Phobic disorders can be divided into three types:
1) Social phobia (now called social anxiety disorder) – strong persisting fear of an interpersonal situation in which embarrassment can occur.
2) Specific (simple) phobias – an overwhelming, persistent fear of an object or situation
3) Agoraphobia – the fear of being alone in public places, particularly areas from which rapid exit would be difficult; 75% of patients with agoraphobia experience panic disorder as well
What is social anxiety disorder?
SAD or Social anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive fear of one or more social situations, especially the extreme fear of being scrutinized or judged by others in social settings. SAD was described as far back as Hippocrates, and was called erythrophobia, which literally means a fear of blushing in front of others.
Name some types of Specific Phobias
- Animal type: fear of certain animals eg. birds, spiders
- Natural environment type: water, thunderstorms etc
- Blood injection/injury type: pain, physical harm
- Situational type: flying, elevators, enclosed spaces
- Other:
What is Agoraphobia?
Agoraphobia is an experience of overwhelming anxiety in situations where it could be embarrassing, or from where it might be difficult to escape or get help. Examples include being in a crowd, home alone, in the car, plane etc
What is OCD?
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the individual has unwanted and repetitive thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (all obsessions), which makes them feel driven to do something (compulsions). Often, the person carries out the behavior to get rid of the obsessive thoughts, but this only provides temporary relief. Not performing the behavior results in heightened anxiety.
OILS FOR STRESS: 1) Top note oils (8): 2) Middle note oils (8): 3) Base note oils (13):
OILS FOR ANXIETY 1) Top note oils (3): 2) Middle note oils (5): 3) Base note oils (8):
OILS FOR IMMUNE SYSTEM 1) Top note oils (4): 2) Middle note oils (8): 3) Base note oils (5):
OILS FOR INSOMNIA 1) Middle note oils (4): 2) Base note oils 5):
OILS FOR DEPRESSION
1) Top note oils (10):
2) Middle note oils (7):
3) Base note oils (8):
OILS FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
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2) Middle note oils (5):
3) Base note oils (1):
OILS FOR DIABETES
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3) Base note oils (3):
OILS FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION
1) Top note oils (3):
2) Middle note oils (6):
3) Base note oils (2)
OILS FOR ECZEMA AND DERMATITIS
1) Top note oils (8):
2) Middle note oils (6):
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OILS FOR LYMPHATICS
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OILS FOR THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
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HYDROSOLS FOR THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Name as many (up to 23) hydrosols that are helpful for digestive function
OILS FOR GENERAL ALLERGIES
1) Middle note oils (3):
2) Base note oils (5):
ESSENTIAL OILS FOR FATIGUE
1) Top notes oils (10):
2) middle note oils (4):
3) base note oils (3):
OILS FOR RESPIRATORY SUPPORT
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2) Middle note oils (10):
3) Base note oils (4):
