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Essence of Thyme > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term irritation as it pertains to essential oils

A

Irritation is a reaction of the epidermis to essential oils that generates redness, swelling, blistering, and/or itchiness. Essential oils with high levels of aldehydes or phenols are more likely to cause irritation

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2
Q

Define the term sensitization as it pertains to essential oils. What conditions increase the chances of sensitivity in all individuals.

A

Sensitization is an allergic skin reaction (an autoimmune reaction), which often presents as a rash. Lack of sleep and heightened stress increases skin sensitivity in everybody.

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3
Q

Define the term toxicity as it pertains to essential oils.

A

Toxicity occurs in the body at the cellular level, when exposure to essential oils is “too much“ and causes damage and/or cellular malfunction. Toxicity is usually dose dependent.

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4
Q

Define ‘quenching’ as it relates to essential oils

A

Quenching is used to describe the phenomenon where one component in an essential oil “neutralizes” or counteracts the hazardous effect of another component in the same pure, whole oil, or another oil with which it is blended.

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5
Q

List 4 things that the practitioner can do to prevent exposure to blood and bodily fluids for both practitioner and client

A

1) Cover all cuts or abrasions with a bandage
2) dispose of sterile equipment, products, and supplies properly
3) never touch open sores or wounds
4) make sure all equipment, massage table, and door knobs are cleaned and sanitized b/w clients

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6
Q

List five avenues by which pathogens can enter the body

A
  • Break in skin (cuts, pimples, or scratches)
  • Mouth (contaminated food, water)
  • Nose (inhalation)
  • Eyes and ears
  • Genitals (Unprotected sexual intercourse)
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7
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Oxidation is the natural breakdown of an essential oil over time into potentially harmful oxidant derivatives produced as a result of the exposure of certain oils like citrus and fir oils to air, heat, sunlight etc. Literally, unstable double or triple bonds in the constituents, which are rigid and unstable, are broken by the addition of oxygen, resulting in many potentially hazardous secondary oxidant breakdown products.

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8
Q

What three factors most affect the eo dosage and rate of absorption during a massage? List up to 7 further, less significant factors that affect dosage.

A

1) The percentage dilution
2) total quantity of oil applied
3) total area of skin to which the oil is applied

i. Particular eo being used
ii. Choice of carrier
iii. Parts of the body to which the EO is being applied
iv. Temperature and moisture content of the skin
v. Absorption capacity of the skin
vi. The extent to which skin is covered after massage
vii. How soon the skin is washed following a massage

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9
Q

Explain the term ‘hepatotoxic’

Name up to 5 oils (and 2 constituents) that are potentially hepatotoxic

A

Hepatotoxicity occurs when a chemical (naturally occurring or not) causes damage to liver cells. Glutathione (an important antioxidant that protects the liver from damage to its DNA and proteins by free radicals) can be depleted by certain chemicals.

Clove
Cinnamon bark
Anise
Nutmeg
Pennyroyal
Safrole
Menthol
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10
Q

Name up to 8 oils that are contraindicated in the case of kidney disease (aka anti-coagulant oils)

A 
Avoid oral use of any oil, but especially:
Bay
Betel leaf
Clove stem
Cinnamon leaf
Pimento Berry
Pimento leaf
Ocimum gratissimum
Tejpat leaf
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11
Q

Name three (out of a possible six) constituents that have been reported to cause convulsions or unconsciousness in large doses

A 
Pinocamphone (hyssop)
Camphor (camphor oil, ravintsara, rosemary)
Thujone (thuja oil, sage)
Pulegone (pennyroyal)
Menthone (peppermint)
Fenchone (fennel)
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12
Q

Name two essential oils that have psychotropic effects at large doses (oral use to be avoided)

A

Nutmeg (trans-anethole, myristicin & elimicin)

Wormwood (thujone)

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13
Q

Name three oils (out of a possible 10) that have a sedative effect on the CNS - when are these oils contraindicated?

A 
Valerian
Asafetida
Lavender
Rose
Galbanum
Violet extract 
Rosewood
German chamomile
Yarrow
Clary sage

*Contra indicated for those depressed or lethargic

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14
Q

What essential oils can have estrogen-disturbing effects (name at least three out the eight oils listed here)

A 
Eucalyptus staigerana (citral)
Lemongrass (citral)
Lemon myrtle (citral)
May chang (citral)
Melissa (citral)
Verbena (citral)
Anise (anethole)
Fennel (anethole)
  • anethole-rich oils should be used with caution orally with estrogen-sensitive cancers, pregnancy, and breast-feeding; use citral oils with caution in benign hyperplasia
  • Saffrole and Sassafras have shown chronic toxicity and cellular changes in adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid, testes and ovaries in rats
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15
Q

Which oils are contraindicated for ingestion in pregnancy (11 listed)? Give some examples of known abortifacients (9 listed).

A 
Only if taken orally:
Anise
Clary sage
Cedarwood
Cypress
Fennel
East Indian fennel
Marjoram, sweet
Peppermint
Rose
Rosemary
Wintergreen
Known abortifacients:
Mugwort
Parsley seed
Pennyroyal
Rue
Sassafras
Savin
Tansy
Thuja
Wormwood

(all considered unsafe for use in aromatherapy, anyway)

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16
Q

What 4 oils are contraindicated in glaucoma (i.e. can increase ocular pressure)? What is the common constituent?

A

Lemon myrtle
Lemongrass
May Chang
Melissa

Citral is the common constituent

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17
Q

Name up to 11 oils that should be avoided completely due to their carcinogenic potential

Name three (out of a possible 11) oils that are safe to use during cancer, but only non-orally

A 
Basil (estragole)
Cade (Unrectified)
Camphor (Brown)
Camphor (Yellow)
Calamus, Indian
Melaleuca bracteata
Ravensara anisata
Sassafras
Snakeroot
Tarragon
Tarragon, Russian
Can be used in cancer clients, but should be avoided orally:
Anise
Anise, Star
Basil, low estragole
Cinnamon leaf
Fennel, bitter
Fennel, sweet
Ho leaf
Laurel
Myrtle
Mace
Nutmeg, Indian
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18
Q

Name three oils should be avoided for use under two years of age (19 + 3 identified)

A

*Citronella
*Eucalyptus citriodora
Lemongrass
Melissa
May Chang
Oregano
Thyme
Savoury
Onion
Anise
Star Anise
*Clove leaf
Clove bud
*Clove stem
Peppermint
Wintergreen
Rectified cade
Laurel
Perilla
Ajowan
Sage

  • has caused documented cases of poisoning, where large amounts were ingested (in addition, Pennyroyal, sassafras, and wormwood)
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19
Q

What four safety precautions must be taken with essential oils that are to be used with children?

A

1) labelling must clearly indicate the essential oil contents and concentration
2) bottles must be fitted with a drop dispenser
3) essential oils must be kept out of reach of children
4) in certain cases, a childproof cap should be used (e.g. Wintergreen)

20
Q

List six safety guidelines for aromatherapists:

A

1) work in a well-ventilated area
2) Air out the treatment room between clients or between blending oils
3) minimum of five minutes fresh air for every hour
4) wash hands between treatments or blends
5) keep and dispense oils in a separate room from treatment room
6) avoid essential oils contraindicated for the practitioner

21
Q

List five contraindications for massage (12 listed)

A
  • Infectious or contagious disease
  • Running a fever
  • Recent fractures or large areas of scar tissue (avoid massage over direct area for two months)
  • Varicose veins – gentle upward massage using effleurage
  • Cancer and serious heart conditions – no full body massage without doctors permission; gentle massage on shoulders, arms, hands, feet, and face OK
  • Broken skin, boils and cuts - cover and avoid
  • Recent vaccinations (24 hrs)
  • Recent alcohol intake - massage with essential oils can heighten effects of alcohol
  • Immediately after a heavy meal
  • Immediately after sports, a hot bath, or sauna
  • Menstruation – during first two days, blood loss can be accelerated. Individual areas can be massaged to reduce cramping
  • Strong medication being taken by client – only with doctors approval
22
Q

Define the term “universal precautions”

A

Universal precautions are infection control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and bodily fluids

23
Q

List 4 ways in which the body prevents and/or fights infection

A

1) skin integrity
2) body secretions (digestive juices, perspiration)
3) White blood cells (and other agents of immunity such as antibodies, T-cells etc.)
4) antitoxins that counteract toxins produced by bacteria

24
Q

Define the following terms:

Infection
Pus
Communicable/contagious disease
Local infection
Systemic infection
Immunity
A

1) infection – occurs when the body tissues are invaded by pathogens
2) pus is a fluid byproduct of infection and inflammation that consists of white blood cells, debris of dead cells, tissue elements and bacteria
3) Contagious/Communicable disease - a micro-organism-borne illness that can be passed from one person (or living organism) to another via bodily fluids, air, or surface contact
4) Local infection - a ‘compromise’ of bodily security and integrity, where pathogenic organisms successfully breach, invade, and proliferate in a localized area of tissue
5) A systemic infection is one in which the bacteria/virus/toxins are carried by the blood to the entire body
6) Immunity – is the ability of the body to destroy invading microorganisms

25
Q

Explain what bacteria is

A

Bacteria is a single-celled organism that has both plant- and animal- cell characteristics

26
Q

Explain what a virus is

A

A virus is an intracellular parasite consisting of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat and sometimes a lipoprotein envelope. A virus invades a cell and inserts its genetic code into the cell’s DNA, thus causing the cell’s machinery to make new copies of viral code plus protein coats, thereby multiplying the virus. Progeny viruses leave the cell, often destroying the cell in the process.

27
Q

Explain what fungi are

A

Fungi are simple organisms that are similar to plants, but lack chlorophyl and the ability to produce their own food, therefore they decompose dead organic matter or parasitize living organism’s tissues.

28
Q

What system of the body is most likely to show toxic effects?

A

The skin, or “integumentary system“.

29
Q

What types of oils are more likely to cause skin reactions?

A

Old, oxidized oils.

30
Q

What concentration are essential oils estimated to be in comparison to the corresponding plant’s properties?

A

~100%

31
Q

Defined the term “irritation“ as it pertains to essential oils.

A

A reaction of the epidermis to essential oils that generates redness, swelling, blistering, and/or itchiness.

32
Q

EO’s that are high in which constituents are most likely to cause irritation?

A

Essential oils that are high in aldehydes and phenols.

33
Q

Define the term “sensitization” as it pertains to essential oils.

A

An allergic skin reaction that often presents as a rash (actually an autoimmune reaction)

34
Q

Define the term “acute toxicity”.

A

Refers to sudden poisoning by ingestion or absorption of too much essential oil at one time. Toxicity is usually dose- dependent.

35
Q

Define the term “chronic toxicity”.

A

Occurs when smaller, but still damaging amounts of essential oil is repeatedly applied, thereby damaging the body.

36
Q

Define the term “toxicology”.

A

Toxicology is the study of essential oil hazards related to pregnancy, cancer, skin allergy, phototoxicity, liver and kidney dysfunction, effects on the CNS and endocrine system, and damage to the eyes.

37
Q

Define “quenching“as it relates to essential oils.

A

Quenching is the phenomenon where one component in an essential oil neutralizes or counteracts the hazardous effects of another component contained either in the same whole oil or in another oil with which it is blended.

38
Q

Give an example of quenching.

A

Citral on its own is a skin irritant, whereas in the whole oil of lemon, it is not, due to the quenching effects of D-limonene present in the oil.

39
Q

What is the importance of quality essential oils as it pertains to safety?

A

The quality of essential oil is very important, because anything less than the highest purity of essential oils can cause harmful effects in the body.

40
Q

Define the term “contamination”.

A

Occurs when an essential oil becomes contaminated with chemicals used in its production such as biocides, agricultural chemicals, and/or pollution.

41
Q

Defined the term “adulteration”

A

One form of adulteration of essential oils occurs when one or more constituents are added to an oil to make it appear better quality than it actually is. Or sometimes, a cheaper, similar smelling oil is added to a more expensive oil to extend it and at the same time optimize its bottom line (eg cassia added to authentic cinnamon)

42
Q

Name the seven factors affecting absorption.

A
  1. Different constituents of an EO absorb at different rates
  2. Temperature of the skin
  3. Degree of skin exposure
  4. Degree of skin integrity (damaged or diseased skin absorbs faster)
  5. Viscous carriers slow down rate of absorption
  6. Level of skin hydration – wet skin absorbs faster
  7. “Heat“ of an essential oil changes absorption: hot oil increase blood circulation in the dermis, therefore hot oil absorbs faster.
43
Q

What is “hepatotoxicity”?

A

Hepatotoxicity refers to stress placed on the liver when a chemical (naturally occurring or not) causes damage to liver cells.

44
Q

Explain what Glutathione is and the role it plays in the liver and what happens when it encounters certain chemicals.

A

Glutathione is an important antioxidant that protects the liver from damage to DNA and cell proteins by free radicals. Glutathione can be depleted by certain chemicals, leaving the liver vulnerable to free radical damage. If damage is severe enough, liver failure, haemolytic anemia, and even death can result. EOs cannot be absorbed in high enough quantities through dermal application, but some oils should not be ingested because of their potentially damaging effects on the liver.

45
Q

Which oils should never be ingested due to possible hepatotoxicity?

A

Clove (eugenol - Cautionary note for those with impaired liver function or taking Tylenol-type meds)
Cinnamon bark (cinnamaldehyde found to depress rat liver glutathione).
Anise (transanethole)
Nutmeg (metabolites)
Pennyroyal (pulegone)
Safrole
Menthol (can cause liver damage in those with G6PD deficiency).

Essence of Thyme (15 decks)

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