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ANAT 100 > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Breathing Involves Two Functions

A
  1. Inspiration 2. Expiration
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2
Q

Inspiration

A

Drawing oxygen rich air into the lungs

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3
Q

Expiration

A

Forcing oxygen poor air out of the lungs

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4
Q

Gas Exchange

A

Movement of gases across membrane

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5
Q

External Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the air and blood. Inspired oxygen moves across cellular membranes of the alveolus of the lung and its associated capillaries into the blood, while carbon dioxide moves in the opposite direction and out of the body through expiration

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6
Q

Internal Respiration

A

Similar mechanism to external respiration, that exchanges gases between the blood and cells of the body

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7
Q

Why Does Gas Conditioning Happen

A

Gases entering the lungs need to be conditioned in order to prevent damage to the lungs

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8
Q

Gas Conditioning Explanation

A

Occurs in the nasal cavities and the paranasal sinuses, were air is swirled around to be warmed and humidified. Inhaled air is cleansed of particulate matter through contact with the mucosal lining of respiratory epithelium

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9
Q

Sound Projection

A

Occurs by forceful expiration of air through the vocal cords in the larynx, causing them to vibrate

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10
Q

Olfaction

A

The olfactory epithelium covers the top of the nasal cavity. The receptors for the sense of smell are within this epithelium

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11
Q

How Does Olfaction Work

A

when air is inhaled into the nasal cavity, airbrone molecules dissolve into mucus which lines the cavity and stimulates the receptors. Signals from these receptors travel to the brain through the olfactory nerve

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12
Q

Defense

A

The coarse hairs of the nostrils, the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium, and the mucus lining help to trap particles and microorganisms from entering the nose and the respiratory system

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13
Q

Role Respiratory Tract Epithelium Plays

A

large part in defense of the system and lines most of the surfaces from the nasal cavity down to the terminal bronchi

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14
Q

What Kind of Epithelium Does the Respiratory System Have?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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15
Q

Apical Surface of the Epithelium

A

covered in cilia, small fingerlike projections extending from the cell that provide an increased surface area for conditioning. Also trap inhaled particles and microoganisms caught in mucus

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16
Q

Where Can Goblet Mucus Cells be Found

A

Interspersed throughout the pseudostratified epithelium

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17
Q

Goblet Cells Function

A

Produce mucus, which forms a protective layer over the epithelium and traps particulate matter or microorganism that may be inhaled. Also provides moisture to humidify the air

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18
Q

Two Regions of the Respiratory System

A

Conducting Portion and Respiratory Portion

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19
Q

Conducting Portion Function

A

Transfer inhaled air from the outside world to the lung tissue and to conduct air from the lungs to the outside world. This is where humidification and trapping of debris occurs

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20
Q

Structures of the Conducting Portion

A
  1. nose and nasal cavity 2. Paranasal sinuses 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx 5. Trachea 6. Primary, secondary and tertiary bronchi 7. Terminal bronchioles
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21
Q

The Respiratory Portion Function

A

Transfer gases between lungs and pulmonary capillaries

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22
Q

Pulmonary Capillaries

A

Terminal structures within the lungs that have walls thin enough to facilitate the movement of gases from air to blood and vise versa

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23
Q

Structures of the Respiratory Portion

A
  1. Respiratory brinchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs 4. Alveoli
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24
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

Collection of air filled spaces within the bones of the skull communicating with the nasal cavity. They aid in conditioning of air, defense against pathogens and act as resonance chambers for speech

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25
Paranasal Sinuses Names
1. Frontal sinus 2. Maxillary sinus 3. Ethmoid sinus 4. Sphenoid sinus
26
What are the Paranasal Sinuses Lined With
Respiratory Tract Epithelium, contributing to its function in defense and conditioning
27
Nose and Nasal Cavity
First line of defense against pathogens and debris, trapping them in hairs and mucus. Air enters the openings of the nostrils and is passed into the nasal cavity where it is conditioned
28
Roof
Ethmoid bone
29
Floor
Hard palate
30
Medial Wall
Makes up the nasal septum. Composed of the vertical bones in the skull, and separaes the two halves of the nasal cavity
31
Lateral Wall
Contain structures known as nasal conchae. These create turbulence in the air as it passes through the cavity, allowing for conditioning and catching debris
32
Anterior of Nasal Cavity
Made up by the nares, whuch is the opening between the nose and nasal cavity
33
Posterior of Nasal
Opening to the nasopharynx, where the nasal cavity connects to the pharynx
34
Nasal Cavity - Respiratory Tract Epithelium
Role in protection from airbone debris and microorganisms, as well as the conditioning of air
35
Nasal Cavity - Olfactory Epithelium
Roof is lined with olfactory epithelium which contains sensory receptors for smell
36
What is the Nasal Cavity's Olfactory Epithelium composed of
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and bipolar olfactory receptor neurons
37
Pharynx
Muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and the larynx in the respiratory system. Also functions to connect the esophagus in the digestive system
38
Components of the Pharynx
1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx
39
Nasopharynx
Most supierior
40
Oropharynx
Middle aspect. Part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. Passes air from the nasopharynx and food from the oral cavity into the laryngopharynx
41
Laryngopharynx
Most inferior. Involved in both the digestive and respiratory system, passing food and air into respetctive systems
42
Histology of Nasopharynx
Mostly RTE because it mainly has a respiratory function
43
Histology of Oro and laryngopharynx
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium, due to need for durability when swallowing food
44
Larynx
Produces sound. Sits anterior to the esophagus connecting the pharynx with the trachea and preventing food from entering the trachea
45
Cartilage of the Larynx
1. Epiglottis 2. Thyroid cartilage 3. Cricoid cartilage
46
Epiglottis
Large spoon shaped elastic cartilage that functions to prevent food from passing into the trachea
47
Thyroid Cartilage
shield shaped hyaline cartilage and provides attachments for many muscles
48
Cricoid Cartilage
Complete ring of hyaline cartilage functions as an attachment for muscles and vocal cords
49
Vocal Cords
Small ligaments attached to laryngeal cartilages that vibrate when air is forced out of lungs. When cords vibrate, sound is produced
50
Trachea
extends from the larynx, where it splits at a junction called carina. Function is the conduction of air to the lungs
51
Structure of the Trachea
Made up of cartilaginous rings, which function to keep the airway open
52
Trachea - Mucosa
Lined with RTE to clear any debris or pathogens that make it into the lower respiratory tract
53
Trachea - Submucosa
Made uo of loose connective tissue containing larger vessels and nerves and mucus secreting glands
54
Trachea - Adventitia
Outer layer of connective tissue surrounding the trachea. also encloses the cartilagionous rings, making the trachea flexible and durable
55
Primary Bronchi
splitting the trachea results in two primary bronchi, left and right which have the same function and histology as the trachea
56
Where does the Primary Bronchus Enter
the medial side of the hilus
57
Which Primary Bronchus is wider, shorter, more verticle
The right
58
End of Conducting Portion
Characterized by bronchi dividing into smaller tubes. Moving from large in diameter, thick walled tube to a smaller diameter, thin walled tube for gas exchange
59
Right Lung Lobes
has three lobes: superior, middle and inferior
60
Right Lung Fissures
Two fissures that separate the lobes: horizontal and oblique
61
Left Lung Lobes
Two lobes: superior and inferior
62
Cardiac Notch
a depression on the anterior border of the left lung that accommodates the space taken up by the apex of the heart
63
Left Lung Fissure
One fissures: oblique
64
Apex
The most superior point of the lung
65
Diaphragmatic
The base of the lung, rests on the diaphragm known as the hilus
66
Costal
Covers around the lateral aspect of the lung
67
Mediastinal
Medial surface. Contains the entry and exit points for all vessels and airways at a structure
68
Pleura Membranes
Two continuous membranes that form a sac around each lung. Secretes pleural fluid to fill the pleural space between two membrane, which acts as a lubricant allowing visceral pleura of the lung to slide freely on the parietal pleura of the thoracic wall during inflation and deflation
69
Parietal Pelura
An outer serous membrane attached to the walls and floor of the thoracic cavity around the lungs, continuous with the visceral pleura at the hilus
70
Visceral Pleura
Serous membrane attached to the surface of the lung that is continuous with the parietal pleura at the hilus
71
Respiratory Bronchioles
Branch from the terminal bronchioles. They are the first structures to contribute to gas exchange
72
Alveoli
Functional unit of the lung, where gas exchange takes place. Each is surrounded by capillaries to maximize the amount of oxygen going into the body and carbon dioxide leaving

ANAT 100 (10 decks)

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