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ANAT 100 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

White Matter of Spinal Cord

A

Lies outside of grey matter. Consists of tracts of fibres separated into anterior, lateral and posterior funiculi (bundles)

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2
Q

Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord

A

Inside of the spinal cord. consists of the ventral horn and dorsal horn

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3
Q

Ventral Horn

A

Carries motor information

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4
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Carries sensory information

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5
Q

Between Anterior and Posterior Horn

A

The lateral horn, which carries information to the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons

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7
Q

Grey Matter

A

Dendrites, neuron cell bodies, glial cells and unmyelinated axons

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8
Q

Pia Matter

A

Deep to the arachnoid matter is pia matter, which is directly attached to the spinal cord

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9
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Deep to the dura is the arachnoid mater. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which is continuous with the subarachnoid space in the brain

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10
Q

Dura Mater of SC

A

Single layer of connective tissue. Between the external surface of the dura mater and the bone is the fat-filled epidural space

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11
Q

Spinal Enlargements

A

Occur because of the additional nerves exiting the spinal cord that supply the limbs

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12
Q

Where Does Cervical Enlargement supply to

A

Cervical enlargement supplies innervation to the upper limb

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13
Q

Where does Lumbar Enlargement Supply to

A

the lower limb

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14
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Located in the vertebral canal and is supported by the vertebral column. Facilitates communication between the central ns and peripheral ns through the spinal nerves

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15
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Two paired hemispheres - right and left, separated by the longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

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17
Q

Sulci

A

Fissures and grooves

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18
Q

Precentral Sulcus

A

Creates the anterior border of the motor cortex

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19
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes, divides the motor from the sensory cortex

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20
Q

Postcentral Sulcus

A

Posterior border of sensory cortex

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21
Q

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

A

Divides the parietal and occipital lobes

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22
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

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23
Q

Gyri

A

Lumps and bumps between sulci

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24
Q

what is the Precentral Gyrus (Motor Cortex) responsible for and where is it located

A

Responsible for sending motor output signals, located anteriorly to central sulcus

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25
4 Lobes of the Cerebrum
1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital
26
Grey Matter - Brain
Nerve cell bodies, short interneurons and glial cells. Found in the cerebral cortex and the inner areas of the brain
27
White Matter of the Brain
Bundles of nerve fibres and axons, found in the inner regions of the cerebrum
28
Corpus Callosum
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain
29
White Matter Tracts
3 categories of white matter based upon the structures they connect and type of communication they facilitate
30
Association Fibres
Facilitate communication within one hemisphere
31
Commissural Fibres
Facilitates communication between the two hemispheres
32
Projection Fibres
Facilitates communication between different levels of the CNS
33
Diencephalon of Cerebrum
Central core, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. It is responsible for sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain and control of the automatic nervous system
34
Thalamus
Deep brain structure with two bodies, one per hemisphere. Responsible for relaying sensory information, except smell to other areas of the brain
35
Hypothalamus
Small structure between the thalamus. It is connected to the pituitary gland and controls the release of hormones
36
Brainstem
Connects the brain to the spinal cord, contains many automatic reflex centres and white matter tracts necessary for human functioning and survival
37
Midbrain
Anteriorly: large white matter tracts that make up the cerebral peduncles Postero-Lateral View: Has two pairs of raised bumps, superior and inferior colliculi
38
Pons
Structure in the middle of the brainstem. Has fibres connecting it to the cerebellum, allowing for communication between the two
39
Medulla
Continuous with the spinal cord
40
Cerebellum
Appended to the back of the brainstem, sits under the occipital lobe and functions to coordinate motor activity
41
Dura Mater - Brain
most superficial and tough - composed of a double layer of connective tissue that attaches firmly to the skull
42
Longitudinal Fissure
Creating the flax between cerebri between cerebral hemispheres
43
Transverse Fissure
Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, known as the tentorium cerebelli
44
Flax Cerebelli
Space at the midline of the cerebellum
45
Arachnoid Mater - Brain
Loosely covers the brain, creates an area called subarachnoid space which is filled with cerebrospinal (positive) fluid and blood vessels
46
Pia Mater - Brain
Firmly attached to the cerebral cortex and is the innermost layer of the meninges
47
Ventricles - Brain
Provide support and protection to the brain, 4 hallow spaces that are continuous with each other and the spinal cord
48
Lateral Ventricle
Paired C shaped spaces deep within the cerebral hemispheres
49
Third Ventricle
Located in the middle of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus - Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina
50
Fourth Ventricle
Sits between the pons and medulla and the cerebellum. Connected to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct. Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space
51
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Specialized fluid that bathes the structures of the CNS, it is produced inside the ventricles, primarily by the choroid process
52
Main Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid
1. Providing a buoyancy effect to the brain and spinal cord 2. Provides support and protection to the CNS, acting as a shock absorber 3. Serves as a medium for the transport of nutrients, waste, dissolved gases and other substances x
53
External Topography of Spinal Cord
* Sc begins at the foramen magnum of the occipital bones * Extends inferiorly to the level of L2 - medullaris * Inferior to L2 (conus medullaris), the axons emerging from the spinal cord known as the cauda equina ○ Within, a small strand of pia mater, known as the filum terminale, anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum and coccyx
54
Two Principal Cell Types in the Nervous System
1. Neurons 2. Supporting Cells
55
Neurons
Excitable, and can generate and transmit rapid electrical signals to communicate with other neurons
56
Neuron Structure
1. Body 2. Cytoplasmic Processes (dendrites and axons)
57
Body
Houses the nucleus and organelles, transfers electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon
58
Dendrites
Receive the neuronal signal from other neurons and transfer those signals to the cell body
59
Axon
Carry the signal from the cell body to the axon terminals, where the signal is transferred to other neurons or organs
60
Direction of a Nerve Impulse
Allow organs to communicate with one another through rapid transduction of electrical signals known as nerve impulse. A nerve impulse is unidirectional Signals travel from dendrites to cell body through the axon to reach dendrites of adjacent neurons or target organs
61
Classification of Neurons
Based on the number of cellular processes (dendrites and axon) that extend from the cell body
62
Pseudo Unipolar
One cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon
63
Bipolar
One dendrite and one axon, two cellular processes
64
Multipolar
Multiple dendrites and one axon, three or more cellular processes
65
Supporting Cells
Neuroglia or Glia, function to protect and support neurons. they aid in sending signals between neurons to improve communication
66
4 Types of Supporting Cells
1. Astrocytes 2. Microglia 3. Oligodendrocytes 4. Ependymal
67
Astrocytes
large star shaped cells that communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the integrity of the neural tissue, the most abundant type
68
Microglia
Able to phagocytose or engulf and destroy pathogens and eliminate waste products from other cells
69
Ependymal
Cubical in shape and lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord, it assists in production, circulation and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid
70
Oligodendrocytes
Wraps around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath
71
Myelination
wraps myelin around parts of the axon, insulates the axon and increases the speed electrical signals can travel down
72
Schwann Cells
Main type of neuroglial cell, equivalent to oligodendrocytes as they form myelin sheath around nerve fibres, but they can only myelinate a portion of one axon
73
Meninges
Connective Tissue membranes protecting the structures of the CNS
74
Control and Communication System
The body's control and communication system. Composed of three steps: sensory input, integration, motor outputs
75
Sensory Input
Gathers vital sensory information about external environment and internal environment
76
Integration
Putting together incoming sensory signals to create a complete picture of the environment
77
Motor Output
Produces an appropriate response to sensory input by sending motor output signals through motor nerves. They communicate signals from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle of the body causing them to contract or relax
78
Central Nervous System
The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is commonly referred to as the ‘control center’ of the body
79
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. These include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, the autonomic nervous system and the special sense organs

ANAT 100 (10 decks)

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