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ANAT 100 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

White Matter of Spinal Cord

A

Lies outside of grey matter. Consists of tracts of fibres separated into anterior, lateral and posterior funiculi (bundles)

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2
Q

Grey Matter of the Spinal Cord

A

Inside of the spinal cord. consists of the ventral horn and dorsal horn

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3
Q

Ventral Horn

A

Carries motor information

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4
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

Carries sensory information

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5
Q

Between Anterior and Posterior Horn

A

The lateral horn, which carries information to the sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated axons

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7
Q

Grey Matter

A

Dendrites, neuron cell bodies, glial cells and unmyelinated axons

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8
Q

Pia Matter

A

Deep to the arachnoid matter is pia matter, which is directly attached to the spinal cord

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9
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

Deep to the dura is the arachnoid mater. Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which is continuous with the subarachnoid space in the brain

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10
Q

Dura Mater of SC

A

Single layer of connective tissue. Between the external surface of the dura mater and the bone is the fat-filled epidural space

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11
Q

Spinal Enlargements

A

Occur because of the additional nerves exiting the spinal cord that supply the limbs

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12
Q

Where Does Cervical Enlargement supply to

A

Cervical enlargement supplies innervation to the upper limb

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13
Q

Where does Lumbar Enlargement Supply to

A

the lower limb

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14
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Located in the vertebral canal and is supported by the vertebral column. Facilitates communication between the central ns and peripheral ns through the spinal nerves

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15
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere

A

Two paired hemispheres - right and left, separated by the longitudinal fissure

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16
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of the cerebrum

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17
Q

Sulci

A

Fissures and grooves

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18
Q

Precentral Sulcus

A

Creates the anterior border of the motor cortex

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19
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes, divides the motor from the sensory cortex

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20
Q

Postcentral Sulcus

A

Posterior border of sensory cortex

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21
Q

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus

A

Divides the parietal and occipital lobes

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22
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal

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23
Q

Gyri

A

Lumps and bumps between sulci

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24
Q

what is the Precentral Gyrus (Motor Cortex) responsible for and where is it located

A

Responsible for sending motor output signals, located anteriorly to central sulcus

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25
Q

4 Lobes of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
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26
Q

Grey Matter - Brain

A

Nerve cell bodies, short interneurons and glial cells. Found in the cerebral cortex and the inner areas of the brain

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27
Q

White Matter of the Brain

A

Bundles of nerve fibres and axons, found in the inner regions of the cerebrum

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28
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres of the brain

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29
Q

White Matter Tracts

A

3 categories of white matter based upon the structures they connect and type of communication they facilitate

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30
Q

Association Fibres

A

Facilitate communication within one hemisphere

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31
Q

Commissural Fibres

A

Facilitates communication between the two hemispheres

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32
Q

Projection Fibres

A

Facilitates communication between different levels of the CNS

33
Q

Diencephalon of Cerebrum

A

Central core, surrounded by cerebral hemispheres. It is responsible for sensory and motor relay into and out of the brain and control of the automatic nervous system

34
Q

Thalamus

A

Deep brain structure with two bodies, one per hemisphere. Responsible for relaying sensory information, except smell to other areas of the brain

35
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Small structure between the thalamus. It is connected to the pituitary gland and controls the release of hormones

36
Q

Brainstem

A

Connects the brain to the spinal cord, contains many automatic reflex centres and white matter tracts necessary for human functioning and survival

37
Q

Midbrain

A

Anteriorly: large white matter tracts that make up the cerebral peduncles

Postero-Lateral View: Has two pairs of raised bumps, superior and inferior colliculi

38
Q

Pons

A

Structure in the middle of the brainstem. Has fibres connecting it to the cerebellum, allowing for communication between the two

39
Q

Medulla

A

Continuous with the spinal cord

40
Q

Cerebellum

A

Appended to the back of the brainstem, sits under the occipital lobe and functions to coordinate motor activity

41
Q

Dura Mater - Brain

A

most superficial and tough - composed of a double layer of connective tissue that attaches firmly to the skull

42
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Creating the flax between cerebri between cerebral hemispheres

43
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

Between the cerebrum and cerebellum, known as the tentorium cerebelli

44
Q

Flax Cerebelli

A

Space at the midline of the cerebellum

45
Q

Arachnoid Mater - Brain

A

Loosely covers the brain, creates an area called subarachnoid space which is filled with cerebrospinal (positive) fluid and blood vessels

46
Q

Pia Mater - Brain

A

Firmly attached to the cerebral cortex and is the innermost layer of the meninges

47
Q

Ventricles - Brain

A

Provide support and protection to the brain, 4 hallow spaces that are continuous with each other and the spinal cord

48
Q

Lateral Ventricle

A

Paired C shaped spaces deep within the cerebral hemispheres

49
Q

Third Ventricle

A

Located in the middle of the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus - Connected to the lateral ventricles by the interventricular foramina

50
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Sits between the pons and medulla and the cerebellum. Connected to the third ventricle by the cerebral aqueduct. Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

51
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

Specialized fluid that bathes the structures of the CNS, it is produced inside the ventricles, primarily by the choroid process

52
Q

Main Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A
  1. Providing a buoyancy effect to the brain and spinal cord
  2. Provides support and protection to the CNS, acting as a shock absorber
  3. Serves as a medium for the transport of nutrients, waste, dissolved gases and other substances x
53
Q

External Topography of Spinal Cord

A
  • Sc begins at the foramen magnum of the occipital bones
    • Extends inferiorly to the level of L2 - medullaris
    • Inferior to L2 (conus medullaris), the axons emerging from the spinal cord known as the cauda equina
      ○ Within, a small strand of pia mater, known as the filum terminale, anchors the spinal cord to the sacrum and coccyx
54
Q

Two Principal Cell Types in the Nervous System

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Supporting Cells
55
Q

Neurons

A

Excitable, and can generate and transmit rapid electrical signals to communicate with other neurons

56
Q

Neuron Structure

A
  1. Body
  2. Cytoplasmic Processes (dendrites and axons)
57
Q

Body

A

Houses the nucleus and organelles, transfers electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon

58
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive the neuronal signal from other neurons and transfer those signals to the cell body

59
Q

Axon

A

Carry the signal from the cell body to the axon terminals, where the signal is transferred to other neurons or organs

60
Q

Direction of a Nerve Impulse

A

Allow organs to communicate with one another through rapid transduction of electrical signals known as nerve impulse.

A nerve impulse is unidirectional

Signals travel from dendrites to cell body through the axon to reach dendrites of adjacent neurons or target organs

61
Q

Classification of Neurons

A

Based on the number of cellular processes (dendrites and axon) that extend from the cell body

62
Q

Pseudo Unipolar

A

One cellular process that splits into a dendrite and an axon

63
Q

Bipolar

A

One dendrite and one axon, two cellular processes

64
Q

Multipolar

A

Multiple dendrites and one axon, three or more cellular processes

65
Q

Supporting Cells

A

Neuroglia or Glia, function to protect and support neurons. they aid in sending signals between neurons to improve communication

66
Q

4 Types of Supporting Cells

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglia
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Ependymal
67
Q

Astrocytes

A

large star shaped cells that communicate with neurons and blood vessels to maintain the integrity of the neural tissue, the most abundant type

68
Q

Microglia

A

Able to phagocytose or engulf and destroy pathogens and eliminate waste products from other cells

69
Q

Ependymal

A

Cubical in shape and lines cavities of the brain and spinal cord, it assists in production, circulation and monitoring of cerebrospinal fluid

70
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Wraps around axons in the CNS to form myelin sheath

71
Q

Myelination

A

wraps myelin around parts of the axon, insulates the axon and increases the speed electrical signals can travel down

72
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Main type of neuroglial cell, equivalent to oligodendrocytes as they form myelin sheath around nerve fibres, but they can only myelinate a portion of one axon

73
Q

Meninges

A

Connective Tissue membranes protecting the structures of the CNS

74
Q

Control and Communication System

A

The body’s control and communication system. Composed of three steps: sensory input, integration, motor outputs

75
Q

Sensory Input

A

Gathers vital sensory information about external environment and internal environment

76
Q

Integration

A

Putting together incoming sensory signals to create a complete picture of the environment

77
Q

Motor Output

A

Produces an appropriate response to sensory input by sending motor output signals through motor nerves. They communicate signals from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal, cardiac or smooth muscle of the body causing them to contract or relax

78
Q

Central Nervous System

A

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is commonly referred to as the ‘control center’ of the body

79
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of all the nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord. These include the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, the autonomic nervous system and the special sense organs

ANAT 100 (9 decks)

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