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ANAT 100 > Block Theory 1 > Flashcards

Block Theory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the Rectus Abdominis?

A

Lies on either side of the Linea Alba and is separated by tendinous intersections

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2
Q

Functions of Rectus Abdominis?

A

Flexion of the trunk and forced expiration

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3
Q

What is the Linea Alba?

A

A line of connective tissue down the middle of the abdomen for muscle attachment

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4
Q

Where is the Transversus Abdominis?

A

The transversus abdominis runs horizontally, deep to the internal oblique

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5
Q

Functions of Transversus Abdominis?

A

Bilateral: flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column

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6
Q

What is the Internal Oblique?

A

Lies deep to the external oblique and its fibres run anteriorly and superiorly

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7
Q

Functions of Internal Oblique?

A

Bilateral: Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall

Unilateral: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

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8
Q

What is the External Oblique?

A

The most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal wall musculature, its fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly

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9
Q

Functions of External Oblique?

A

Bilateral: Flexes the vertebral column and compresses the abdominal wall. Used in forced expiration

Unilateral: Lateral flexion and rotation of the vertebral column

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10
Q

What do the Abdominal Wall Muscles do?

A

Facilitate movement of the trunk and aid in breathing

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11
Q

What are the Muscles of the Back - Erector Spine Muscles?

A

The erector spine muscles are a group that help keep the spine erect, they run down both sides of the spinal column

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12
Q

What are the Muscles of the Thorax?

A

The intercostal muscles of the thorax aid in the process of breathing

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13
Q

What are External Intercostals?

A

The most superficial and their fibres run anteriorly and inferiorly, they aid in inspiration

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14
Q

What are Internal Intercostals?

A

Lie deep to the externals and their fibres run posteriorly and inferiorly, they aid in expiration

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15
Q

What is the Splenius Capitis?

A

Extends the neck with bilateral contraction and causes flexion and lateral rotation of the neck with unilateral contraction

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16
Q

What is the Semispinalis Capitis?

A

Extends the neck with bilateral contraction, and turns the face slightly to the opposite side with unilateral contraction

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17
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid Muscle?

A

Flexes the neck with bilateral contraction, and rotates the head to the opposite side with unilateral contraction

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18
Q

What is the Masseter?

A

Extends from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible. Its action is to elevate and protract (move forward) the jaw

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19
Q

What is the Temporalis?

A

Fan-shaped muscle that extends from the temporal fossa of the parietal bone to the coronoid process of the mandible. It elevates and pulls the mandible posteriorly (retract)

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20
Q

What is Mastication?

A

Chewing - there are two muscles involved, the masseter and temporalis

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21
Q

What is the Orbicularis Oculi?

A

The muscle surrounding the eye that forcefully closes the eye when contracted. It originates on the frontal and maxillary bones

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22
Q

What is the Orbicularis Oris?

A

Surrounds the mouth and enables the puckering of lips. It originates on the maxillary bones or mandible

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23
Q

What is the Zygomaticus?

A

Extends from the zygomatic arch to the corners of the mouth. It draws the angle of the mouth superiorly and posteriorly, causing one to smile

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24
Q

What is the Frontalis?

A

Muscle that covers the frontal bone and lifts the eyebrows, causing the forehead to wrinkle

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25
Q

What is Muscle Contraction?

A

Histologically, when a muscle contracts, the actin and myosin filaments slide over each other, which shortens the sarcomere, this increases muscle tension grossly resulting in the movement of structures

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26
Q

What is Skeletal Muscle?

A

Contracts to move parts of the body. Most skeletal muscles are attached to two bones across a joint, contracted muscle brings parts of these two bones closer together

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27
Q

What are the Functions of Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Produce movement
  • Maintain posture and stabilize joints
  • Control excretion (elimination of urine and feces) and swallowing
  • Produce heat
  • Support and protect internal organs
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28
Q

What is the Organization of Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue consists of muscle tissue and connective tissue. Connective tissue surrounds the muscle tissue and attaches the ends of each muscle to bone.

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29
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle and is continuous with the tissue that becomes the tendon

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30
Q

What is Perimysium?

A

The layer of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of muscle fibres (fascicle) within a muscle

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31
Q

What is Endomysium?

A

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds the individual muscle cells (muscle fibres) within a muscle bundle

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32
Q

What is the Sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane surrounding a muscle cell, beneath the sarcolemma are nuclei, myofibrils and sarcoplasm (cellular fluid)

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33
Q

What are Nuclei in skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated - they have more than one nucleus. These nuclei are located towards the outside of the myofiber

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34
Q

What are Myofilaments?

A

The contractile units of the cell

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35
Q

What is the Sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Surrounds each myofibril and is where the muscle cells store calcium, necessary for muscle function

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36
Q

What are Transverse Tubes?

A

Extensions of the sarcolemma that surround the myofibrils that transmit nerve stimulation to the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the cell

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37
Q

What are Myofilaments organized into?

A

Organized into repeating structural units known as sarcomeres.

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38
Q

What are Actin and Myosin?

A

Looking at a microscopic view of one individual sarcomere, you can observe the myofilaments that create this unit. They consist of thin and thick myofilaments known as actin (thin) and myosin (thick).

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39
Q

What is Sarcomere Banding?

A

Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance due to the arrangement of actin and myosin into organized sarcomeres that form distinct lines and bands

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40
Q

What is the A-Band in Sarcomeres?

A

Made up of thick and thin filaments

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41
Q

What is the Z-Line in Sarcomeres?

A

Composed of protein that makes a zig-zag line marking the beginning and end of each sarcomere. It lines the middle of the I band where the thin filaments attach

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42
Q

What is the M-Line in Sarcomeres?

A

Composed of protein down the center of the sarcomere. This is where thick filaments attach

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43
Q

What is the I-Band in Sarcomeres?

A

Made up of thin filaments. It appears lighter in colour and transverses two sarcomeres

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44
Q

What is the Muscular System?

A

The muscular system consists of contractile organs. These perform gross physical movements like walking and more finely tuned, intricate movements like the beating of the heart, breathing and digestion

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45
Q

what do skeletal muscle do? and what are they attatched to?

A

Help the body move. Most skeletal muscle is attached to bones via tendons

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46
Q

What is Cardiac Muscle?

A

Found in the heart, it contracts rhythmically and is modulated by neural activity and hormones

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47
Q

What is Striated Muscle?

A
  1. Striated muscle is marked by both light and dark bands (striations).
  2. Striated muscle is characterized by long muscle fibres (cells)
  3. with multiple nuclei which are located peripherally for skeletal muscle or centrally for cardiac muscle.
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48
Q

What are Intercalated discs?

A

They are unique to cardiac muscle, which connect heart muscles to each other

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49
Q

What is Smooth muscle?

A

Found in blood vessels, the digestive system and other viscera. Each smooth muscle fibre contains a single centrally located nucleus. Smooth muscle has fusiform-shaped cells (spindle-like) without striations. Is involuntary.

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50
Q

What is the Functional Characterization of Muscle?

A

Muscle can be categorized functionally as voluntary or involuntary

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51
Q

What is Voluntary muscle?

A

Consciously controlled in order to perform a specific function. Skeletal muscle is voluntary.

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52
Q

What is Involuntary muscle? and what muscles groups are involuntary?

A

Muscle that is not consciously controlled. Consists of smooth and cardiac muscle

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53
Q

two basic properties of muscle

A

They have two basic properties: excitability and contractility

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54
Q

What is Excitability?

A

The ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to electrical signals from nerves or stimulation from hormones

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55
Q

What is Contractility?

A

When a muscle cell is excited by a nerve or hormone, this causes the muscle to shorten, resulting in contraction

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56
Q

What are the Five Main Functions of the Skeletal System?

A

Support, movement, protection, storage, blood cell formation

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57
Q

What is Support in the Skeletal System?

A

The large bones of the lower limbs act as pillars for the body trunk and the ribs anchor the thoracic wall. The skeleton provides framework that anchors all soft organs

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58
Q

What is Protection in the Skeletal System?

A

The rib cage encloses the thoracic cavity. and the skull, and the vertebrae surround the soft tissue of the nervous system

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59
Q

What is Storage in the Skeletal System?

A

Fat is found in the interior of the bones, along with the bone matrix which serves as a reserve for various minerals

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60
Q

What is Blood cell formation called? and where does it occur?

A

Hematopoiesis (The production and maturation of all blood cell types) occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones

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61
Q

What is Movement in the Skeletal System?

A

Skeletal muscles use the bones as levers when they contract as they provide an attachment point for the muscles

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62
Q

What is the Axial Skeleton?

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebral column
  • The ribs
  • Sternum
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63
Q

What is the Appendicular Skeleton?

A

Upper limb and lower limb bones

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64
Q

What are Flat Bones?

A

Large surface area used for muscle attachment and protection of organs e.g. skull

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65
Q

What are Long bones?

A

Elongated cylindrical shaft - longer than they are wide e.g. femur

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66
Q

What are Short bones?

A

Stability and some movement e.g. wrist

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67
Q

What are Irregular Bones?

A

Vertebrae

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68
Q

What are bones composed of?

A

Outer layer of compact bone and an inner layer of spongy bone

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69
Q

What are the Two layers that bone is composed of?

A

Outer cortical layer: made up of compact bone which is hard and strong

Inner cancellous layer: made up of spongy bone, which appears porous and sponge like

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70
Q

What is the Medullary Cavity?

A

The inner cavity of the bone where bone marrow produces blood cells

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71
Q

What is the Structure of Long Bones - Epiphysis?

A

Knobby, enlarged regions at the end, form joints and serves as attachment sites for tendons and ligaments

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72
Q

What is the Structure of Long Bone - Metaphysis?

A

Region between the diaphysis and epiphysis

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73
Q

What is the Structure of Long Bone- Diaphysis?

A

Elongated cylindrical shaft

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74
Q

What is Articular Cartilage?

A

Covers the epiphysis, reduces friction between joints and absorbs shock in moveable joints

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75
Q

What is Periosteum?

A

A tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that covers the surface of bone, except for areas covered by articular cartilage.

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76
Q

What is the Cranial Bones - Frontal Bone?

A

Single bone, forms the forehead and roof of orbits

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77
Q

What is the Cranial Bones - Temporal Bone?

A

Paired and form the lateral and inferior walls of the skull

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78
Q

What are the Features of the Temporal Bone?

A
  • Zygomatic Process
  • External Auditory meatus
  • Mastoid Process
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79
Q

What is the Cranial Bones - Sphenoid Bone?

A

Single bone, keystone of the skull as it joins the cranium and facial bones by attaching with almost every other bone of the skull

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80
Q

What is the Cranial Bones - Parietal Bones?

A

paired , forms superior and lateral surfaces of skull

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81
Q

What is the Cranial Bones - Occipital Bone?

A

Single bone, forms posterior wall and base of skull

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82
Q

What are the Features of Occipital Bone - Foramen Magnum?

A

Big hole. Allows the spinal cord to exit the cranial cavity

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83
Q

What are the Features of the Occipital Bone - Occipital Condyles?

A

Articulates with the first bone in the neck

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84
Q

What are Sutures?

A

Attachments or articulations between the flat bones of the skull

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85
Q

What is the Sutures - Coronal?

A

Junction between frontal and parietal bones

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86
Q

What is the Sutures - Sagittal?

A

Junction between parietal bones

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87
Q

What is the Sutures - Lambdoid?

A

Junction between and occipital and parietal bones

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88
Q

What is the Sutures - Squamous?

A

Junction between temporal and parietal bones

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89
Q

What is the Cranial Vault?

A

The dome-shaped bony roof of the skull that encases the brain. It is formed by the frontal, parietal and occipital bones

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90
Q

What is a Fossa?

A

A depression in a bone

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91
Q

What is the Cranial Base?

A

The floor of the cranium (cranial base) on which the brain sits contains 3 fossae: anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa

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92
Q

What are the Facial Bones - Maxillary Bones (Maxillae)?

A

Paired, upper jaw bones

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93
Q

What are the Facial Bones - Nasal?

A

Paired, articulate with the frontal bone and forms the bridge of the nose

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94
Q

What are the Facial Bones - Zygomatic Bones?

A

Paired, forms the cheekbones. A feature of these bones is the temporal process, which articulates with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch

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95
Q

What are the Facial Bones - Mandible?

A

Single, forms the lower jaw

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96
Q

What are the 3 Parts of the mandible bone?

A
  1. Body
  2. Ramus
  3. Angle
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97
Q

What is the Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Lumbar?

A

End of the spine, 5 vertebrae

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98
Q

What is the Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Cervical?

A

Top of the spine, 7 vertebrae

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99
Q

What is the Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Thoracic?

A

Middle of the spine, 12 vertebrae

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100
Q

What is the Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Sacrum?

A

5 fused vertebrae

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101
Q

What is the Divisions of the Vertebral Column - Coccyx?

A

4 fused vertebrae

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102
Q

What is Vertebrae structure?

A
  1. Body (anterior)
  2. Vertebral arch (posterior)
  3. Vertebral foramen (canal)
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103
Q

What is the Vertebral Arch (Posterior)?

A

Extends into the spinous and transverse process

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104
Q

What is the Spinous Process?

A

Extending posteriorly

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105
Q

What is the Transverse Process?

A

Paired, extending laterally

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106
Q

What is the Vertebral Foramen (Canal)?

A

Houses the spinal cord, all the vertebral foramina stack together to form the vertebral canal which houses the spinal cord

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107
Q

What are Atypical Vertebrae?

A

C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis), the first and second cervical vertebrae

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108
Q

What are Two Features of the C1 that are Important for Articulation with Other Bones?

A

Anterior Arch: Provides surface for articulation with the dens

Lateral Masses: Provides surfaces for articulation with occipital condyles of the occipital bone

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109
Q

What is C2 (axis)?

A

The main feature of C2 is the dens, which rests within the anterior arch of C1

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110
Q

What is the Movement of C1 and C2?

A

The skull rests on top of the lateral masses of C1 via the occipital condyles - allows for the “yes” movement of the head

Underneath C1 and the dens of C2 articulates/attaches with the anterior arch of C1 - allows for the movement of “no”

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111
Q

What are Vertebral Articulations?

A

Individual vertebrae articulate or join to stack on top of one another. Two structures: Intervertebral discs and Intervertebral Foramina

112
Q

What are Intervertebral Foramina?

A

Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves

113
Q

What are True Ribs?

A

Pairs 1-7, articulates directly (individually) with sternum

114
Q

What are False Ribs?

A

Pairs 8-10, no direct articulation with the sternum; they join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with the sternum

115
Q

What are Floating Ribs?

A

Pairs 11-12, no articulation with the sternum

116
Q

What is an Intervertebral Disc?

A

“Jelly-filled donut” located between two vertebrae, acts as a shock absorber.

117
Q

What are Intervertebral Foramina?

A

Lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves.

118
Q

What are True Ribs?

A

Pairs 1-7, articulates directly (individually) with sternum.

119
Q

What are False Ribs?

A

Pairs 8-10, no direct articulation with the sternum; they join rib 7 to indirectly articulate with the sternum.

120
Q

What are Floating Ribs?

A

Pairs 11-12, no articulation with the sternum.

121
Q

What is the structure of a typical rib?

A

A typical rib is long, flat, and twisted, consisting of a head, neck, tubercle, shaft (body), and angle. The shaft has a sharp inferior border which is grooved (costal groove). The head articulates with the bodies of two thoracic vertebrae, while the tubercle has a facet for articulation with the transverse process of one vertebra.

122
Q

What is the Sternum?

A

The sternum (breastbone) makes up the anterior portion of the thoracic cage.

123
Q

What are the 3 parts of the Sternum?

A
  1. Manubrium - articulation with rib 1
  2. Body - articulates with rib 2-7
  3. The xiphoid process.
124
Q

What is the Thoracic Cage?

A

Made up of the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, sternum anteriorly.

125
Q

What is the Pectoral Girdle?

A

Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton and is formed by the clavicle and scapula.

126
Q

What is the Clavicle?

A

An S-shaped bone that joins with the manubrium of the sternum medially and the scapula laterally.

127
Q

What features are on the Anterior Surface of the Scapula?

A

A feature is the coracoid process, which helps stabilize the shoulder joint.

128
Q

What features are on the Posterior Surface of the Scapula?

A

The posterior surface features are the acromion and spine.

129
Q

What is the Lateral Surface of the Scapula?

A

The lateral surface feature is the glenoid fossa, which articulates with the head of the humerus.

130
Q

What is the Humerus?

A

Articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula to form the shoulder joint, and distally with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint.

131
Q

What are the features of the Humerus - Anterior view?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Shaft
  4. Lateral epicondyle
  5. Medial epicondyle
  6. Capitulum
  7. Trochlea.
132
Q

What are the features of the Humerus - Posterior View?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Shaft
  4. Olecranon fossa.
133
Q

What composes the Forearm?

A
  1. Radius
  2. Ulna.
134
Q

What is the Radius?

A

In anatomical position, the radius is laterally placed (thumb side) and has features including: 1. Head (proximal end) - articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. 2. Shaft 3. Neck 4. Distal end - articulates with the carpal bones to form the wrist joint.

135
Q

What is the Ulna?

A

In the anatomical position, the ulna is medially placed (little finger side) and has features including: Proximal end - articulates with the distal end of the humerus.

136
Q

What is the Wrist?

A

Composed of 8 carpal bones (short bones).

137
Q

What is the Palm/hand?

A

Composed of 5 metacarpal bones (long bones).

138
Q

What are Digits/fingers?

A

Composed of 14 phalanges (long bones).

139
Q

What is the Pelvic Girdle?

A

Attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton, formed by the hip bones.

140
Q

What are the three parts of the Pelvic Girdle?

A
  1. Ilium
  2. Ischium
  3. Pubis.
141
Q

What is the Ilium?

A

The largest bone in the pelvic girdle, making up the superior position.

142
Q

What are the components of the Ilium?

A
  1. Posterior superior Iliac spine
  2. Posterior inferior iliac spine
  3. Iliac crest
  4. Anterior superior iliac spine
  5. Anterior inferior iliac spine.
143
Q

What is the relationship between Ischium and Pubis?

A

The pubis fuses with both the ilium and ischium and unites with the other pubic bone at the pubic symphysis.

144
Q

What is the Greater Sciatic Notch?

A

Located between the PIIS and the ischial spine, allowing the passage of major nerves and vessels.

145
Q

What is the Lesser Sciatic Notch?

A

Located between the ischial spine and the ischial tuberosity, permitting the passage of structures.

146
Q

What is the Acetabulum?

A

Deep curved depression for articulation with the head of the femur.

147
Q

What is the Obturator Foramen?

A

Large opening for the passage of nerves and blood vessels.

148
Q

What are the features of the Femur?

A
  1. Head
  2. Neck
  3. Shaft.
149
Q

What is the Proximal End of the Femur?

A

The head articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle forming the hip joint.

150
Q

What is the Distal End of the Femur?

A

Articulates with the Tibula and the Patella, forming the knee joint.

151
Q

What is the Leg composed of?

A

Composed of two bones, the tibula and fibula.

152
Q

What is the Tibula?

A

The only weight-bearing bone of the leg.

153
Q

What is the Fibula?

A

Does not bear or transfer any weight, provides lateral stability to the ankle joint.

154
Q

What is the Ankle?

A

Composed of 7 tarsal bones (short bones).

155
Q

What is the Foot?

A

Composed of 5 metatarsal bones (long bones).

156
Q

What are Digits/toes?

A

Composed of 14 phalanges (long bones).

157
Q

What are Articulations?

A

Where the bone meets another bone, cartilage or teeth.

158
Q

What are the most mobile joints?

A

The most unstable.

159
Q

What are the most immobile joints?

A

The most stable.

160
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structural classification is based on the type of materials that unite the articulating bones; functional classification is based on the extent of movement they permit.

161
Q

What are Synovial Joints?

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are enclosed by a joint capsule with a fluid filled cavity.

162
Q

What is Gliding movement?

A

The motion of bones sliding on one another.

163
Q

What is Angular movement?

A

A motion that changes a joint angle.

164
Q

What is Flexion?

A

Decreasing the angle between articulating bones - bending.

165
Q

What is Extension?

A

Increasing the angle between articulating bones - straightening.

166
Q

What is Abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline.

167
Q

What is Adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline.

168
Q

What is Rotation?

A

A joint pivots around its own axis.

169
Q

What is Medial Rotation?

A

Rotation towards the midline.

170
Q

What is Lateral Rotation?

A

Rotation away from the midline.

171
Q

What are Supination and Pronation?

A

Rotation of the radius over the ulna; occurs when the forearm rotates so the palm faces anteriorly (supination) or posteriorly (pronation).

172
Q

What is Eversion?

A

Twisting motion of the ankle so the soles of the feet turn laterally.

173
Q

What is Inversion?

A

Twisting motion of the ankle so the soles of the feet turn medially.

174
Q

What is Circumduction?

A

Continuous movement that combines flexion, abduction, extension and adduction in succession.

175
Q

What is the organization of the Human Body?

A
  1. Chemical level - a molecule is a group of atoms bonded together.
  2. Cellular level - cells are the smallest living structure.
  3. Tissue level - tissues are similar cells that perform specialized functions.
  4. Organ system level - related organs that work together.
  5. Organismal level - all body systems function interdependently.
176
Q

What are the two separate parts of the Body Divisions?

A
  1. Axial - Forms the main vertical axis of the body.
  2. Appendicular - Includes the limbs or appendages.
177
Q

What is the Integumentary System?

A

Makes up our body covering and includes our skin and associated structures.

178
Q

What is the Skeletal System?

A

Includes the bones and joints of the body.

179
Q

What is the Muscular System?

A

Contains muscles, works with the skeletal system for movement.

180
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

Includes the brain, spinal cord and nerves that run throughout the body.

181
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

Includes glands that produce and secrete hormones.

182
Q

What is the Digestive System?

A

Starts at the mouth with a long tube and ends at the anus.

183
Q

What is the Respiratory System?

A

Allows you to breathe and includes the nose, air passageways and lungs.

184
Q

What is the Cardiovascular System?

A

Includes blood, blood vessels and the heart.

185
Q

What are Lymphatic Vessels?

A

Includes the lymphatic vessels, cells and structures that can initiate an immune response.

186
Q

What is the Urinary System?

A

Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

187
Q

What is the Reproductive System?

A

Provides the means for sexual maturation and procreation.

188
Q

What are the Ventral Body Cavities?

A

Divided into two groups: Thoracic (above the diaphragm) and Abdominopelvic (below the diaphragm).

189
Q

What are the components of the Thoracic Body Cavity?

A
  1. Superior Mediastinum - Esophagus, Trachea.
  2. Pericardial - Heart.
  3. Pleural - Lungs.
190
Q

What are the components of the Abdominopelvic Body Cavity?

A
  1. Abdominal - Digestive Viscera.
  2. Pelvic - Urinary bladder and reproductive organs.
191
Q

What are the Dorsal Body Cavities?

A

Brain and spinal cord, divided into cranial and vertebral.

192
Q

What is the Cranial Body Cavity?

A

Houses the brain.

193
Q

What is the Vertebral Body Cavity?

A

Contains the spinal cord.

194
Q

What does Superior mean?

A

Above or over.

195
Q

What does Inferior mean?

A

Below or under.

196
Q

What does Anterior mean?

197
Q

What does Posterior mean?

A

After, behind, following.

198
Q

What does Medial mean?

A

Towards the midline.

199
Q

What does Lateral mean?

A

Towards the side.

200
Q

What does Proximal mean?

A

Near, closer to the origin.

201
Q

What does Distal mean?

A

Away, farther from the origin.

202
Q

What is the Anatomical Position?

A

Standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward.

203
Q

What is Superficial?

A

Closer to the surface of the body.

204
Q

What does Deep to the skin mean?

A

Farther from the surface of the body.

205
Q

What does Parietal mean?

A

Indicating component of the body walls.

206
Q

What does Visceral mean?

A

Lines the outer surfaces of organs.

207
Q

What is the Sagittal Plane?

A

Vertical Plane that divides the body into left and right parts.

208
Q

What is the Coronal Plane?

A

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

209
Q

What is the Oblique Plane?

A

Plane that passes through the body at an angle.

210
Q

What are Longitudinal Planes?

A

Perpendicular to the horizontal plane - sagittal and coronal are examples.

211
Q

What are the Four Levels of Basic Tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial Tissue
  2. Connective Tissue
  3. Nervous Tissue
  4. Muscular Tissue.
212
Q

What is Epithelial Tissue composed of?

A

Composed of closely apposed cells with very little or no intervening substance.

213
Q

What are the two types of Epithelium?

A
  1. Converting - Cells that cover surfaces.
  2. Glandular - Cells that produce and secrete products.
214
Q

What are the characteristics of Epithelium?

A
  1. Cellularity
  2. Polarity
  3. Attachment
  4. Avascularity
  5. Regeneration.
215
Q

What is Polarity in Epithelium?

A

Epithelial cell has an exposed (apical) surface and a basal surface.

216
Q

What is Cellularity in Epithelium?

A

Adjacent epithelial cells are joined by specialized junctions.

217
Q

What is Attachment in Epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells rest on and are attached to the basal lamina.

218
Q

What is Avascularity in Epithelium?

A

Epithelial tissues have no direct blood supply.

219
Q

What are the functions of Epithelium?

A
  1. Support and protection
  2. Permeability
  3. Sensation
  4. Secretion.
220
Q

What is Regeneration in Epithelium?

A

Epithelial cells are renewed continuously.

221
Q

What is Support and protection in Epithelium?

A

Epithelium covers and lines surfaces, protecting underlying tissue.

222
Q

What is Permeability in Epithelium?

A

Epithelium allows substances to be absorbed into the body.

223
Q

What is Sensation in Epithelium?

A

Some epithelial tissues contain specialized cells that detect stimuli.

224
Q

What is Secretion in Epithelium?

A

Some epithelial tissues are specialized to secrete specific substances.

225
Q

How is Epithelium classified?

A

Based on its cell organization or cell shape.

226
Q

What is Simple Epithelium?

A

Epithelium that is only one cell layer thick.

227
Q

What is Stratified Epithelium?

A

Epithelium that is two or more cell layers thick.

228
Q

What is Squamous Epithelium?

A

Flat, wide and somewhat irregular in shape.

229
Q

What is Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

About the same size on all sides, nucleus usually centrally located.

230
Q

What is Columnar Epithelium?

A

Taller than they are wide; nucleus is oval and located in the basal region.

231
Q

How is Epithelial Tissue named?

A

Cell organization = first name; Cell shape = last name.

232
Q

What is Simple Squamous Epithelium?

A

Consists of a single layer of flattened cells.

233
Q

What is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells.

234
Q

What is Simple Columnar Epithelium?

A

Single layer of column shaped cells.

235
Q

What is Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of flat shaped cells.

236
Q

What is Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of cube shaped cells.

237
Q

What is Stratified Columnar Epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of column shaped cells.

238
Q

What is Transitional Epithelium?

A

Multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching.

239
Q

What is Transitional Epithelium? and Characteristic Features?

A

Multiple layers of epithelial cells that allow for stretching, which vary in shape. Characteristic feature is the presence of domed shaped surface cells which is a reflection of the relaxed state; when stretched these surface cells flatten out.

240
Q

What is Pseudostratified Epithelium?

A

Single layer of cells and has its cell nuclei positioned in a manner suggestive of stratified epithelium. The short cilia on the surface help in the moving mucous.

241
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

The most widespread and abundant type of tissue in the human body. It is the most diverse of the tissue types with a variety of functions, ranging in consistency from the gel-like softness of areolar connective tissue to the hardness of bone.

242
Q

What are the functions of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Support and Protection
  2. Structural Framework for the Body
  3. Medium for Exchange Nutrients and Metabolic Waste
  4. Storage and Repair
  5. Defence.
243
Q

What is an example of Support and Protection function of Connective Tissue?

A

The bones of the skull protect the brain and the kidneys are surrounded by a fat padding that protects it.

244
Q

What is an example of Structural Framework for the Body function of Connective Tissue?

A

Cartilage supports body structures such as the windpipe (trachea), ears, and nose. Bones of the skeleton provide the framework for skeletal muscles.

245
Q

What is an example of Medium for Exchange Nutrients and Metabolic Waste function of Connective Tissue?

A

Blood serves as a medium that carries gases, nutrients, waste, and blood cells to different parts of the body.

246
Q

What is an example of Storage and Repair function of Connective Tissue?

A

Bone stores minerals such as calcium; fat serves as a major energy reservoir for the body.

247
Q

What is an example of Defence function of Connective Tissue?

A

Performs this function through a number of ways such as acting as a physical barrier, through white blood cells and antibody production.

248
Q

What are the components of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibers
  3. Ground substance.
249
Q

What are the types of fibers in Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic.
250
Q

What are Elastic Fibers?

A

Thin and branched, elastic fibres appear wavy or curly and they have rubber-like material that is able to stretch.

251
Q

What are Collagen Fibres?

A

The most common fibre type is the collagen fibre. These are flexible fibres with a high tensile strength.

252
Q

What are Reticular Fibers?

A

Reticular fibres are thin fibres that form a branching interwoven network with no common alignment.

253
Q

What is Ground Substance?

A

Occupies the space between the cells and fibers of connective tissues. It has high water content, is transparent, colourless, and viscous.

254
Q

What are the types of Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Connective Tissue Proper
  2. Supporting Connective Tissue
  3. Specialized (Fluid) Connective Tissue.
255
Q

What is Connective Tissue Proper?

A
  1. Loose Connective Tissue
  2. Dense Connective Tissue.
256
Q

What is Supporting Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage.
257
Q

What is Specialized (Fluid) Connective Tissue?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Lymph.
258
Q

What is Loose Connective Tissue?

A

Has more ground substance with few CT fibres.

259
Q

What is Dense Connective Tissue?

A

Has less ground substance with more CT fibres - found in ligaments and tendons.

260
Q

What is Bone?

A

Important structural tissue that forms the framework of the body.

261
Q

What are the functions of Bone?

A
  1. Support
  2. Locomotion
  3. Protection
  4. Blood cell production
  5. Mineral metabolism.
262
Q

What is the composition of Bone?

A

1/3 organic components (cells, fibres, ground substance) and 2/3 inorganic components (minerals and salts).

263
Q

What is the structural unit of the Bone?

A

Structured pattern of repeating cylindrical structures called osteons. Each is made of concentric rings with a hollow central canal known as the Haversian canal.

264
Q

What is Cartilage?

A

It is a firm tissue, but it is softer and more flexible than bone. Found in many areas including: joints between moveable bones, between vertebrae in the spine, ears, and nose.

265
Q

What are the components of Cartilage?

A

Cells - primarily chondrocytes, located throughout the ground substance in small spaces called lacunae that contain one or more cells.
Fibres - Various collagen or elastic fibres scattered throughout.
Ground substance - firm gel that makes cartilage solid.

266
Q

What are additional components of Cartilage?

A

Perichondrium - Dense irregular connective tissue that envelops cartilage to provide nutrients.
Lacunae - Small spaces in cartilage that house one or more chondrocytes.

267
Q

What is Hyaline Cartilage?

A

Wear-resistant tissue that is designed to bear and distribute weight. Strong, rubbery, flexible tissue located in joint surface of moveable joints, walls of the nose, trachea, bronchi, and ribs.

268
Q

What is Fibrocartilage?

A

Tough and inflexible form of cartilage. Durable and resistant to compression located in: intervertebral discs and symphysis pubis.

269
Q

What is Elastic Cartilage?

A

More flexible than hyaline cartilage located in: External ear, eustachian tube, and epiglottis.

270
Q

What is Blood?

A

The fluid within blood vessels and the heart. Contains various cells and proteins and performs a number of essential functions within the body.

271
Q

What is Lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid (fluid that bathes cells) that is collected into thin-walled lymphatic vessels and transported to the cardiovascular system.

272
Q

Sesamoid Bone

A

Embedded in tendon

273
Q

Where is striated muscle found?

A

Striated muscle can be found in the heart and skeletal muscles

274
Q

Three Layers of Connective Tissue that Surrounds Skeletal Muscle

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
275
Q

What happens when a sarcomere is shortened?

A

When shortened, the sarcomere cause contraction of the muscle. Each unit consists of actin and myosin.

276
Q

What does Periosteum do?

A

Periosteum protects the bone and contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone. It also has cells that are responsible for forming new bone tissue

ANAT 100 (4 decks)

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