Module 11 Flashcards
Role Accessory Digestive Organs Play
Play a significant role of aquiring nutrients from food. They provide enzymes for the breakdown of food molecules and biles for the digestion of dietary fat
Liver
Provides bile for the digestion of fats. It also stores dietary glucose in the form of glycogen so that it can be later broken down and used for the production of energy. Plays a role in the metabolism of toxins, drugs and alcohol in the blood
Gallbladder
a small organ underneath the liver that functions in the storage and release of bile in the digestive system
Pancreas
Mixed gland with endocrine functions that control levels of blood glucose and exocrine functions that secrete digestive enzymes into the intestine
Location of the Liver
Sits in the upper right abdominal quadrant, inferior to the diaphragm and anterior to the inferior vena caba
Liver Lobes
Has four. 1. right 2. left 3. caudate 4. quadrate
Ligaments of the Liver
attach the liver to the surrounding abdominal peritoneum and the diaphram
Falciform Ligament
seperates the left and right lobes of the liver
Coronary Ligament
Suspends the liver from the inferior surface of the diaphragm
Porta Hepatis (Hilum)
Where the hepatic vessels and ducts enter and leave the liver. Located on the inferior side of the liver surrounded by the four lobes
Structures of the Porta Hepatis
- common hepatic duct 2. portal vein 3. hepatic artery
Common Hepatic Duct
Drains bile produced in the liver, it joins with the cystic duct of the gallbladder to form the common bile duct
Portal Vein
Carries nutrient rich blood from the digestive system to the liver where nutrients can be stored
Where do toxins and drugs travel through in the liver
Portal vein to be mestabolized
Hepatic Artery
Carries oxygenated blood to the liver and branches supply each lobe
Hepatocytes
simple cuboidal liver cells, arranged in plates and radiate outward from the central vein
What is the hexagonal shaped liver lobule made up of
Hepatocytes
Sinusoids
Between the plates of cells are spaces called sinusoids where venous blood flows
Portal (Hepatic) Triads
Branches of the hepatic artery, portal vein and common hepatic duct from the porta hepatis
How Many Triads are in the Liver
there are many triads as each lobule is surrounded by six triads, one at each corner
Liver Lobule: Flow of Bile
- produced by hepatocytes to aid in the digestion of digestion 2. from hepatocytes, bile drains into small channels (canaliculi) that empty into the bile ductules of the hepatic ducts 3. The hepatic ducts join to form the commion hepatic duct
Gallbladder Location
a pear-shaped sac that lies inferior to the right lobe of the liver
3 Regions of the Gallbladder
- Fundus 2. Body 3. Neck
Location: Gallbladder - Fundus
anteriorly
Location: Gallbladder - Body
Between the fundus and around the neck
Location: Gallbladder - Neck
Posteriorly, and connected to the cystic duct
The Biliary System
Consists of interconnected ducts that connect the liver and the gallbladder. The duct system stores and drains bile to the dudodenum
Hepatic Ducts
Right and left hepatic ducts from the right and left lobes of the liver drains bile into the common hepatic duct
Cystic Ducts
Attaches to the common hepatic duct and functions to transport bile to and from the gallbladder
Common Bile Duct
the commin hepatic duct and the cystic duct meet to drain bile into the common bile duct, which enters the duodenum
Division of the Pancreas
Three sections: head, body, tail
Head of Pancreas
Sits in the concavity of the duodenum on the right side of the abdominal cavity
Body of the Pancreas
extends towards the left, passing the tail
Tail of the Pancreas
Abuts the medial side of the spleen
The Main Pancreatic Duct
Collects the exocrine products of the pancreas and fuses with the common bile duct to empty into the duodenum at the hepatophancreatic ampulla of Vater
Pancreas Composition
99% exocrine and 1% endocrine
Exocrine Pancreas Function
The secretion of pancreatic juices from the pancreatic acini into the duodenum
Pancreatic Juices
they are rich in digestive enzymes and contain bicarbonate ions to neutralize acid from the stomach
Kidney Size and Location
Bean, fist sized organs located on either side of the spine at the level of T12-L2 vertebrae, laying flat against the posterior abdominal wall
Kidneys Surface Anatomy
Medially, the kidneys have a concave surface where the renal arteries and nerves enter, and renal
veins as well as the ureters exit. This medial surface is called the hilum of the kidney
What is the hilum continous with
with an internal space in each kidney called the renal sinus, which is filled with fatty tissue
Renal Caosule
Covers the outer surface of the kidney, functions to protect the kidneys from injury and pathogens and to maintain the shape
What tissue is the renal capsule composed of
dense irregular
Adiposes Capsule
Layer of adipose tissue external to the renal capsule. Offers cusion and protection by surrounding the kidney
What Does the Kidney Separate into
Two regions: Medulla and Cortex
Kidney - Cotex
Outer layer
Kidney -Medulla
Inner layer
What do the cortex and medulla do? (kidney)
Filter blood to make urine
Extensions of the cortex
Renal columns, separate the medulla into renal pyramids
Renal Papilla
The apex (tip) of the pyramid
Renal Lobes
the kidney is divided into renal
lobes. Each lobe consists of a renal pyramid, its overlying cortex, and surrounding renal column
Minor Calyx
Urine produced in the kidneys flows through the renal papilla into a funnel-shaped space termed the minor calyx. Each minor calyx drains into a major calyx, and then the large renal pelvis which continues as the ureter
Kidney Blood Supply
Receive their blood supply from paired renal arteries which are branches of the abdominal aorta
Kidney Blood Drainage
Drained by the renal veins which are anterior to the arteries and drain into the inferior vena cava
Nephron
Functional unit that filters the blood and produces urine
Parts of the Nephron
- renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Two Structures of the Renal Corpuscle
a glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Where Does Blood Flow into the Kindeys?
into the kidney and to the glomerular capillaries
Capsular Space
The capsule creates a space between its walls and the glomerular capillaries called capsular space
What does Glomerulus Consist of
a bundle of capillaries enclosed within the glomerular capsule
Kidney Blood Filtration
Filtration occurs when components of the blood move out from the capillary into the Bowman’s space
Filtrate
Material in the Bowman’s Space
The capillaries of the glomerulus
have small holes (fenestrations) that allow ions, water and other molecules to move through their membranes
What Cells are Glomerular Capillaries Surrounded and Supported by?
Podocytes
What do Podocytes Do
These cells wrap their foot like processes around the glomerular capillaries creating filtration slits that permit the passage of water and salts and restrict the passage of proteins
Renal Tubule
Extends throughout the cortex and the medualla of the kidney
3 Sections of the Renal Tubule
- Proximal convoluted tubule 2. The loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule
Function of the 3 Sections of Renal Tubule
Each section has a specific function in the reabsorption or secretion of substances such as ions,
proteins, and water to and from the filtrate
Glomerulus
A bundle of capillaries enclosed within the Bowman’s capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
The section of the renal tubule that extends from the renal
corpuscle
Loop of Henle
The section of the renal tubule that extends into the medulla and connects the
P C T and the D C T
Distal convoluted tubule
The terminal section of the renal tubule
The Collecting Sytem
From the renal tubules, the filtrate travels into collecting tubules and then to the collecting ducts that travel within the renal medulla
Final process of filtration
The final processing of the filtrate occurs in the collecting duct where it is further modified. Once the filtrate leaves the collecting duct at the renal papilla it can be called urine
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
Regulates the blood pressure of the body by monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole (a smaller artery that brings blood into the glomerulus)
Macula Densa
Modified cuboidal cells of the distal convoluted tubule
Kidney Function
filter blood to rid the body of wastes, balance ion concentrations and body fluid volume and produce erythropietin
Erythropietin
a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells
Urinary Tract Function
Transfers and stores the urine produced by the kidneys until it is ready for excretion
Three Parts of Urinary Tract
- Ureters 2. Bladder 3. Urethra
The Ureters
Two long, thin, muscular tubes connecting the kidney with the bladder
3 Layers of the Uterine Wall
- Mucosa 2. Muscularis 3. Adventitia
Mucosa
Innermost layer, lined with transitional epithelium
Muscularis
Smooth muscle layer in the middle
Adventitia
Outermost layer
Urinary Bladder Function
A muscular, expandable, sac-like pelvic organ that functions to temporarily store urine
Trigone
a smooth triangular area that overlies the base of the internal aspect of the urinary bladder
What is the Trigone Enclosed by
by the two urethral openings superiorly and the internal urethral opening inferiorly and acts as a funnel that directs urine into the urethra
What does the trigone have a high density of
The trigone has a high density of afferent neurons that transmit the urge to void
The Neck of the Urinary Bladder
The neck of the bladder is the constricted portion that is connected to the urethra inferiorly. It is
surrounded by an internal urethral sphincter that is made up of smooth muscle and is under
involuntary control
Rugae in the Bladder
Interior of the bladder has a folded appearance due to the presense of rugae. Rugae allows the bladder to expand
Location of the Bladder
sits in the pelvic cavity posterior to the pubic bone. But the spatial relationship differs between men and women
Female Bladder is located
posterior to pubic symphysis, inferior to uterus and anterior to vagina
Male Bladder is Located
posterior to pubic symphysis, anterior to rectum
Bladder Mucosa is composed of what
transitional epithelium and is the innermost layer of the bladder wall
Bladder Muscularis is Made up of what
three layers of muscle that are collectively called the detrusor muscle
Urethra
a muscular tube connecting the neck of the bladder with the outside world at an
opening called the external urethral meatus. The urethra differs in length and position between males
and females
What Happens to the Epithelial lining in Urethrae
The epithelial lining of both the male and female urethrae starts out as transitional, gradually becoming stratified toward the external opening
Three Regions of the Male Urethra
- Prostatic Urethra 2. Membranous Urethra 3. Penile (spongy) Urethra
What surrounds the membranous urethra
The voluntary external urethral sphincter surrounds this area, far from the meatus
Mictrurition
The act of urination
Micturition Explanation
As the urinary bladder contracts, the external urinary sphincter relaxes to expel urine from the bladder into the urethra and then outside of the body
Incontinence
The inability to voluntarily control the expulsion of urine
