Module 9

Question 1

What are the properties of NSAIDs?

Answer 1

Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, aspirin-platelet inhibition.

Question 2

What are the types of NSAIDs?

Answer 2

Salicylates (e.g., aspirin), acetic acid derivatives (e.g., diclofenac, ketorolac), COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib), propionic acid derivatives (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen).

Question 3

What are the indications for NSAIDs?

Answer 3

Pain, arthritis, fever, inflammation.

Question 4

What are the adverse effects of NSAIDs?

Answer 4

GI bleeding, renal impairment, cardiovascular issues.

Question 5

What are the contraindications for NSAIDs?

Answer 5

Allergies, bleeding disorders, severe liver/kidney disease.

Question 6

What are the drug interactions with NSAIDs?

Answer 6

Alcohol (↑ GI bleeding), anticoagulants (↑ bleeding tendency).

Question 7

What special topic is associated with aspirin?

Answer 7

Antiplatelet effects; risk of Reye’s Syndrome in children.

Question 8

What is included in gout treatment?

Answer 8

NSAIDs and specific drugs like allopurinol and colchicine.

Question 9

What are the classifications of bacteria based on Gram stain?

Answer 9

Gram (+): Stain purple; e.g., Staphylococcus. Gram (−): Stain pink; e.g., E. coli.

Question 10

What are the cell shapes of bacteria?

Answer 10

Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral (spirilla).

Question 11

What are the mechanisms of action of antibiotics?

Answer 11

Inhibit cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins), inhibit protein synthesis (e.g., tetracyclines, macrolides), disrupt nucleic acids (e.g., fluoroquinolones), antimetabolites (e.g., sulfonamides).

Question 12

What are the classes of antibiotics?

Answer 12

1. Penicillins: Broad spectrum; common allergy risks. 2. Cephalosporins: 5 generations; effective for Gram +/− infections. 3. Macrolides: Alternative for penicillin-allergic patients. 4. Tetracyclines: Broad spectrum; avoid in pregnancy/children under 8. 5. Aminoglycosides: Potent; risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity. 6. Quinolones: Broad spectrum; risk of tendon rupture. 7. Sulfonamides: Bacteriostatic; used for UTIs and respiratory infections.

Question 13

What are superinfections?

Answer 13

Secondary infections due to disrupted normal flora.

Question 14

What is prophylactic therapy?

Answer 14

Preventative antibiotic use before surgery.

Question 15

What is the mechanism of antiviral agents?

Answer 15

Suppress viral replication (e.g., acyclovir for HSV).

Question 16

What are key antiviral drugs?

Answer 16

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Treats influenza A/B. Antiretrovirals: Treat HIV (e.g., HAART regimen).

Question 17

What should be taught about antivirals?

Answer 17

Take antivirals early; some drugs (e.g., rifampin) discolor body fluids.

Question 18

What are the types of fungal infections?

Answer 18

Systemic (e.g., aspergillosis) vs. superficial (e.g., athlete’s foot).

Question 19

What are key antifungal drugs?

Answer 19

Amphotericin B: Treats severe infections but has high toxicity. Fluconazole: Crosses blood-brain barrier for CNS infections.

Question 20

What is the mechanism of antifungal agents?

Answer 20

Interfere with cell membrane synthesis or function.

Question 21

What causes malaria?

Answer 21

Caused by Plasmodium species.

Question 22

What are the treatments for malaria?

Answer 22

Chloroquine, artemisinin derivatives.

Question 23

What are treatments for non-malarial protozoa?

Answer 23

Treated with metronidazole.

Question 24

What are first-line antitubercular drugs?

Answer 24

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.

Question 25

What are the adverse effects of isoniazid?

Answer 25

Hepatotoxicity, neuropathy.

Question 26

What is a notable effect of rifampin?

Answer 26

Discolors body fluids.

Question 27

What is important patient teaching for antitubercular drugs?

Answer 27

Adherence is critical; treatment can last 6-12 months.

Question 28

What are general tips for patient teaching?

Answer 28

Complete full antibiotic/antiviral course. Report severe side effects (e.g., bleeding, rash). Take with food or water to reduce GI upset (if applicable). NSAIDs: Avoid alcohol; monitor for bleeding. Antibiotics: Watch for allergic reactions; monitor stool/urine for unusual changes.

Question 29

What is the purpose of the immune system?

Answer 29

Protects the body from antigens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, cancer) and distinguishes self from non-self.

Question 30

What are the lines of defense in the immune system?

Answer 30

1. Physical/Chemical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, gastric secretions. 2. Inflammatory Response: Phagocytosis. 3. Adaptive Immune Response: Involves T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.

Question 31

What is Natural Active immunity?

Answer 31

Body produces antibodies after infection (e.g., chickenpox).

Question 32

What is Artificial Active immunity?

Answer 32

Vaccination with weakened/dead antigens (e.g., flu shot).

Question 33

What is Natural Passive immunity?

Answer 33

Antibodies passed from mother to baby (e.g., IgG in breast milk).

Question 34

What is Artificial Passive immunity?

Answer 34

Antibodies given (e.g., rabies antiserum).

Question 35

What are toxoids?

Answer 35

Weakened bacterial toxins (e.g., tetanus toxoid) that stimulate production of specific antibodies.

Question 36

What are the types of vaccines?

Answer 36

1. Live Attenuated: Weakened microorganisms. 2. Inactivated: Dead microorganisms.

Question 37

What are common adverse effects of vaccines?

Answer 37

Minor: Fever, soreness, rash. Severe: Encephalitis, anaphylaxis.

Question 38

What is the purpose of immunosuppressants?

Answer 38

Suppress immune response to prevent transplant rejection or treat autoimmune diseases.

Question 39

What are the classes of immunosuppressants?

Answer 39

1. Glucocorticoids: Inhibit T-cell activation. 2. Calcineurin Inhibitors: Block T-cell production (e.g., cyclosporine). 3. Antimetabolites: Inhibit T-cell proliferation (e.g., azathioprine). 4. Biologics: Target T-cell function (e.g., basiliximab).

Question 40

What are common adverse effects of immunosuppressants?

Answer 40

Hypertension, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, infections.

Question 41

What are DMARDs?

Answer 41

Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs that treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) by slowing disease progression.

Question 42

What is the onset of action for DMARDs?

Answer 42

Weeks to months.

Question 43

What are examples of DMARDs?

Answer 43

Methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine.

Question 44

What do biological response modifiers do?

Answer 44

Alter immune system to target diseases (e.g., cancer, MS).

Question 45

What are interferons used for?

Answer 45

Enhance immune response and inhibit cancer/viral replication; used for MS, cancer, viral infections.

Question 46

What are hematopoietic drugs?

Answer 46

Promote blood cell production in bone marrow.

Question 47

What is the purpose of antineoplastic agents?

Answer 47

Treat cancer by killing or stopping cancer cell growth.

Question 48

What are common adverse effects of antineoplastic agents?

Answer 48

Common: Nausea, fatigue, hair loss. Serious: Low blood counts, infections.

Question 49

What is the role of hormonal agents in cancer treatment?

Answer 49

Block or compete with hormones to treat hormone-sensitive cancers (e.g., Tamoxifen for breast cancer).

Question 50

What are general patient teaching tips for vaccines?

Answer 50

Warm compress for soreness; rest; report severe reactions.

Question 51

What are general patient teaching tips for immunosuppressants?

Answer 51

Avoid infection risks; adhere to therapy; monitor for adverse effects.

Question 52

What are general patient teaching tips for antineoplastic drugs?

Answer 52

Avoid alcohol and spicy foods; practice good oral hygiene; encourage hydration, proper nutrition, and adherence to prescribed therapies.