Module 9 Flashcards
What are the properties of NSAIDs?
Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, aspirin-platelet inhibition.
What are the types of NSAIDs?
Salicylates (e.g., aspirin), acetic acid derivatives (e.g., diclofenac, ketorolac), COX-2 inhibitors (e.g., celecoxib), propionic acid derivatives (e.g., ibuprofen, naproxen).
What are the indications for NSAIDs?
Pain, arthritis, fever, inflammation.
What are the adverse effects of NSAIDs?
GI bleeding, renal impairment, cardiovascular issues.
What are the contraindications for NSAIDs?
Allergies, bleeding disorders, severe liver/kidney disease.
What are the drug interactions with NSAIDs?
Alcohol (↑ GI bleeding), anticoagulants (↑ bleeding tendency).
What special topic is associated with aspirin?
Antiplatelet effects; risk of Reye’s Syndrome in children.
What is included in gout treatment?
NSAIDs and specific drugs like allopurinol and colchicine.
What are the classifications of bacteria based on Gram stain?
Gram (+): Stain purple; e.g., Staphylococcus. Gram (−): Stain pink; e.g., E. coli.
What are the cell shapes of bacteria?
Rod (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral (spirilla).
What are the mechanisms of action of antibiotics?
Inhibit cell wall synthesis (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins), inhibit protein synthesis (e.g., tetracyclines, macrolides), disrupt nucleic acids (e.g., fluoroquinolones), antimetabolites (e.g., sulfonamides).
What are the classes of antibiotics?
- Penicillins: Broad spectrum; common allergy risks. 2. Cephalosporins: 5 generations; effective for Gram +/− infections. 3. Macrolides: Alternative for penicillin-allergic patients. 4. Tetracyclines: Broad spectrum; avoid in pregnancy/children under 8. 5. Aminoglycosides: Potent; risk of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity. 6. Quinolones: Broad spectrum; risk of tendon rupture. 7. Sulfonamides: Bacteriostatic; used for UTIs and respiratory infections.
What are superinfections?
Secondary infections due to disrupted normal flora.
What is prophylactic therapy?
Preventative antibiotic use before surgery.
What is the mechanism of antiviral agents?
Suppress viral replication (e.g., acyclovir for HSV).
What are key antiviral drugs?
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu): Treats influenza A/B. Antiretrovirals: Treat HIV (e.g., HAART regimen).
What should be taught about antivirals?
Take antivirals early; some drugs (e.g., rifampin) discolor body fluids.
What are the types of fungal infections?
Systemic (e.g., aspergillosis) vs. superficial (e.g., athlete’s foot).
What are key antifungal drugs?
Amphotericin B: Treats severe infections but has high toxicity. Fluconazole: Crosses blood-brain barrier for CNS infections.
What is the mechanism of antifungal agents?
Interfere with cell membrane synthesis or function.
What causes malaria?
Caused by Plasmodium species.
What are the treatments for malaria?
Chloroquine, artemisinin derivatives.
What are treatments for non-malarial protozoa?
Treated with metronidazole.
What are first-line antitubercular drugs?
Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.
What are the adverse effects of isoniazid?
Hepatotoxicity, neuropathy.
What is a notable effect of rifampin?
Discolors body fluids.
What is important patient teaching for antitubercular drugs?
Adherence is critical; treatment can last 6-12 months.
What are general tips for patient teaching?
Complete full antibiotic/antiviral course. Report severe side effects (e.g., bleeding, rash). Take with food or water to reduce GI upset (if applicable). NSAIDs: Avoid alcohol; monitor for bleeding. Antibiotics: Watch for allergic reactions; monitor stool/urine for unusual changes.
What is the purpose of the immune system?
Protects the body from antigens (e.g., bacteria, viruses, cancer) and distinguishes self from non-self.
What are the lines of defense in the immune system?
- Physical/Chemical Barriers: Skin, mucous membranes, gastric secretions.
- Inflammatory Response: Phagocytosis.
- Adaptive Immune Response: Involves T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells.
What is Natural Active immunity?
Body produces antibodies after infection (e.g., chickenpox).
What is Artificial Active immunity?
Vaccination with weakened/dead antigens (e.g., flu shot).
What is Natural Passive immunity?
Antibodies passed from mother to baby (e.g., IgG in breast milk).
What is Artificial Passive immunity?
Antibodies given (e.g., rabies antiserum).
What are toxoids?
Weakened bacterial toxins (e.g., tetanus toxoid) that stimulate production of specific antibodies.
What are the types of vaccines?
- Live Attenuated: Weakened microorganisms.
- Inactivated: Dead microorganisms.
What are common adverse effects of vaccines?
Minor: Fever, soreness, rash.
Severe: Encephalitis, anaphylaxis.
What is the purpose of immunosuppressants?
Suppress immune response to prevent transplant rejection or treat autoimmune diseases.
What are the classes of immunosuppressants?
- Glucocorticoids: Inhibit T-cell activation.
- Calcineurin Inhibitors: Block T-cell production (e.g., cyclosporine).
- Antimetabolites: Inhibit T-cell proliferation (e.g., azathioprine).
- Biologics: Target T-cell function (e.g., basiliximab).
What are common adverse effects of immunosuppressants?
Hypertension, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, infections.
What are DMARDs?
Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs that treat Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) by slowing disease progression.
What is the onset of action for DMARDs?
Weeks to months.
What are examples of DMARDs?
Methotrexate, hydroxychloroquine.
What do biological response modifiers do?
Alter immune system to target diseases (e.g., cancer, MS).
What are interferons used for?
Enhance immune response and inhibit cancer/viral replication; used for MS, cancer, viral infections.
What are hematopoietic drugs?
Promote blood cell production in bone marrow.
What is the purpose of antineoplastic agents?
Treat cancer by killing or stopping cancer cell growth.
What are common adverse effects of antineoplastic agents?
Common: Nausea, fatigue, hair loss.
Serious: Low blood counts, infections.
What is the role of hormonal agents in cancer treatment?
Block or compete with hormones to treat hormone-sensitive cancers (e.g., Tamoxifen for breast cancer).
What are general patient teaching tips for vaccines?
Warm compress for soreness; rest; report severe reactions.
What are general patient teaching tips for immunosuppressants?
Avoid infection risks; adhere to therapy; monitor for adverse effects.
What are general patient teaching tips for antineoplastic drugs?
Avoid alcohol and spicy foods; practice good oral hygiene; encourage hydration, proper nutrition, and adherence to prescribed therapies.
