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PCP Pharm Review > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are positive inotropic drugs used for?

A

To increase the strength of heart contractions

Examples include digoxin and dobutamine.

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2
Q

What are antidyshythmic drugs primarily used to treat?

A

Irregular heart rhythms

Common examples include amiodarone and lidocaine.

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3
Q

What is the main function of antianginal drugs?

A

To relieve chest pain or angina

Common drugs include nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate.

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4
Q

What is the purpose of antihypertensive drugs?

A

To lower blood pressure

Common classes include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.

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5
Q

What do antilipemic drugs do?

A

Lower cholesterol levels

Examples include statins and fibrates.

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6
Q

What are anticoagulant drugs used for?

A

To prevent blood clot formation

Common examples include warfarin and heparin.

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7
Q

What is the function of antiplatelet drugs?

A

To prevent platelets from clumping together

Common drugs include aspirin and clopidogrel.

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8
Q

What do thrombolytic drugs do?

A

Dissolve blood clots

Common examples include alteplase and streptokinase.

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9
Q

What is the role of antifibrinolytic drugs?

A

To prevent the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots

Examples include aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid.

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10
Q

List the common adverse effects of positive inotropic drugs.

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Arrhythmias

These effects can vary based on the specific drug used.

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11
Q

What are the contraindications for antidyshythmic drugs?

A
  • Severe bradycardia
  • Heart block
  • Hypersensitivity

Specific contraindications can vary by drug.

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12
Q

Fill in the blank: Antianginal drugs are contraindicated in patients with _______.

A

[severe hypotension]

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13
Q

What drug interactions are common with antihypertensive drugs?

A
  • Diuretics
  • NSAIDs
  • Other antihypertensives

These interactions can lead to increased side effects or decreased efficacy.

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14
Q

True or False: Antilipemic drugs can cause liver damage.

A

True

Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended.

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15
Q

What herbal preparations may affect anticoagulant drugs?

A
  • Ginkgo biloba
  • Garlic
  • Ginger

These herbs can increase the risk of bleeding.

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16
Q

What is key health teaching for patients on antiplatelet drugs?

A

Avoid activities that increase bleeding risk

Patients should be educated on signs of bleeding.

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17
Q

What are the common uses of thrombolytic drugs?

A
  • Acute myocardial infarction
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Ischemic stroke

Timely administration is critical for effectiveness.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Antifibrinolytic drugs are often used in cases of _______.

A

[excessive bleeding]

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19
Q

What are antihypertensives?

A

These drugs lower blood pressure (BP).

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20
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

They increase blood volume by increasing urinary excretion of water and electrolytes.

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21
Q

How do diuretics affect blood pressure?

A

They lower BP and decrease the workload of the heart.

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22
Q

What is a loop diuretic example?

A

Lasix (furosemide)

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23
Q

What is a thiazide diuretic example?

A

Hydrochlorothiazide

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24
Q

What is a potassium-sparing diuretic example?

A

Spironolactone (Aldactone)

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25
Q

What do Ca channel blockers do?

A

They limit muscular contraction by blocking the movement of calcium.

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26
Q

How do Ca channel blockers affect heart rate and contractility?

A

They decrease heart rate (negative chronotropic) and decrease myocardial contractility (negative inotropic).

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27
Q

What is the effect of Ca channel blockers at low doses?

A

They relax the smooth muscles in arterioles, resulting in reduced BP.

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28
Q

What is an example of a non-selective Ca channel blocker?

A

Verapamil

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29
Q

What is an example of a selective Ca channel blocker?

A

Nifedipine (Adalat)

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30
Q

What is an example of another non-selective Ca channel blocker?

A

Diltiazem

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31
Q

What are the adverse effects of Ca channel blockers?

A

They may cause reduced BP and bradycardia.

32
Q

What do direct vasodilators do?

A

They directly relax arteriolar smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.

33
Q

How quickly do direct vasodilators affect BP?

A

They quickly lower BP.

34
Q

What is an example of a direct vasodilator?

A

Hydralazine (Apo-hydralazine)

35
Q

What do alpha-1 receptor blockers do?

A

They dilate arteries and veins to decrease peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and lower BP.

36
Q

What is an example of an alpha-1 receptor blocker?

A

Doxazosin (Cardura)

37
Q

What do alpha-2 receptor agonists do?

A

They stimulate the brain to decrease sympathetic outflow, thereby lowering BP and reducing renin secretion.

38
Q

What are examples of alpha-2 receptor agonists?

A

Clonidine, Methyldopa

39
Q

What do beta-receptor blockers do?

A

They decrease heart rate by blocking beta-receptors.

40
Q

How do beta-blockers affect renin secretion?

A

They decrease renin secretion.

41
Q

What is an example of a beta-blocker?

A

Propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal)

42
Q

What is another example of a beta-blocker?

A

Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor)

43
Q

What is a third example of a beta-blocker?

A

Atenolol (Tenormin)

44
Q

What do combination alpha- and beta-receptor blockers do?

A

They act in the periphery at the heart and blood vessels, providing dual antihypertensive effects.

45
Q

What is an example of a combination alpha- and beta-receptor blocker?

A

Labetalol hydrochloride (Trandate)

46
Q

What is the main function of antihypertensives?

A

Lower blood pressure

Antihypertensives are medications that help reduce high blood pressure.

47
Q

What is secreted by the liver in the Renin Angiotensin Pathway?

A

Angiotensinogen

Angiotensinogen is a precursor that is converted into angiotensin I.

48
Q

What triggers the kidney to release renin?

A

Low blood pressure

The kidney releases renin in response to decreased blood pressure.

49
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.

50
Q

What are common adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?

A
  • Low blood pressure
  • Fatigue
  • Cough

These side effects may vary among individuals.

51
Q

Name a common ACE inhibitor.

A

Enalapril (Vasotec)

Enalapril is widely used to treat hypertension.

52
Q

What is the function of Direct Renin Inhibitors?

A

Block conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

These inhibitors directly target the renin enzyme.

53
Q

What are common adverse effects of Direct Renin Inhibitors?

A
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue

These side effects can impact patient compliance.

54
Q

How do Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) work?

A

Block vasoconstriction and hormone secretion

ARBs prevent the effects of angiotensin II after it is formed.

55
Q

What are the effects of ARBs on blood pressure?

A
  • Cause arteriole dilation
  • Increase sodium excretion
  • Decrease blood pressure

These mechanisms contribute to lowering blood pressure.

56
Q

What is a common adverse effect of ARBs?

A

Elevated potassium levels

Monitoring potassium levels is important for patients on ARBs.

57
Q

Fill in the blank: Patients should limit or avoid _______ and excessive alcohol intake.

A

salt

Reducing salt intake helps manage blood pressure.

58
Q

What should patients monitor to manage hypertension?

A

Stress levels

Managing stress can positively impact blood pressure.

59
Q

True or False: Heat can increase blood pressure.

A

True

Avoiding overheating is advised as it may raise blood pressure.

60
Q

What should patients watch for when taking antihypertensives?

A

Orthostatic hypotension

This condition can lead to dizziness and falls.

61
Q

What are antianginals?

A

Drugs that reduce chest pain

Antianginals include various classes of medications used to manage angina pectoris.

62
Q

What is the primary action of nitrates?

A

Potent vasodilator that relaxes arterial and venous smooth muscle

Nitrates alleviate chest pain by decreasing the workload of the heart and myocardial oxygen demand.

63
Q

What should not be taken within 24 hours of nitrates?

A

Viagra

Taking nitrates with Viagra can lead to severe hypotension.

64
Q

What is the most common adverse effect of nitroglycerine?

A

Headache

Headaches are a frequent side effect due to vasodilation.

65
Q

How should nitroglycerine be stored?

A

In an airtight, dry, dark glass bottle

It should not be exposed to direct sunlight.

66
Q

What should you do if chest pain is not relieved in 5 minutes after taking nitroglycerine?

A

Call 911 and take another tablet

If chest pain persists, a third tablet can be taken 5 minutes later.

67
Q

What are calcium channel blockers used for?

A

1st line drugs for chronic stable angina

They help to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and alleviate chest pain.

68
Q

What is the function of beta blockers?

A

Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility

This results in decreased cardiac workload.

69
Q

What are common adverse effects of beta blockers?

A

Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue

Monitoring heart rate and blood pressure is essential while on beta blockers.

70
Q

What is a contraindication for using beta blockers?

A

Bronchial asthma

Beta blockers can exacerbate bronchospasm in asthmatic patients.

71
Q

What should be monitored when taking beta blockers?

A

Heart rate and blood pressure

Patients should hold medication if heart rate is less than 60 bpm.

72
Q

What is the brand name of atenolol?

A

Tenormin

Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker.

73
Q

What effect does diltiazem have?

A

Antianginal, antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic

Diltiazem is effective in treating coronary artery spasms.

74
Q

What should patients taking diltiazem avoid?

A

Grapefruit juice

Grapefruit juice can interact with diltiazem, affecting drug metabolism.

75
Q

Fill in the blank: Calcium channel blockers can cause _______.

A

Hypotension, bradycardia

These are common adverse effects associated with calcium channel blockers.

76
Q

True or False: Beta blockers should never be stopped abruptly.

A

True

Abrupt cessation can lead to rebound angina or hypertension.

77
Q

What is the role of nitrates in treating chest pain?

A

Alleviates chest pain by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand

Nitrates help to relax blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart.

PCP Pharm Review (10 decks)

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