Module 5 Flashcards
What are positive inotropic drugs used for?
To increase the strength of heart contractions
Examples include digoxin and dobutamine.
What are antidyshythmic drugs primarily used to treat?
Irregular heart rhythms
Common examples include amiodarone and lidocaine.
What is the main function of antianginal drugs?
To relieve chest pain or angina
Common drugs include nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate.
What is the purpose of antihypertensive drugs?
To lower blood pressure
Common classes include ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics.
What do antilipemic drugs do?
Lower cholesterol levels
Examples include statins and fibrates.
What are anticoagulant drugs used for?
To prevent blood clot formation
Common examples include warfarin and heparin.
What is the function of antiplatelet drugs?
To prevent platelets from clumping together
Common drugs include aspirin and clopidogrel.
What do thrombolytic drugs do?
Dissolve blood clots
Common examples include alteplase and streptokinase.
What is the role of antifibrinolytic drugs?
To prevent the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots
Examples include aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid.
List the common adverse effects of positive inotropic drugs.
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Arrhythmias
These effects can vary based on the specific drug used.
What are the contraindications for antidyshythmic drugs?
- Severe bradycardia
- Heart block
- Hypersensitivity
Specific contraindications can vary by drug.
Fill in the blank: Antianginal drugs are contraindicated in patients with _______.
[severe hypotension]
What drug interactions are common with antihypertensive drugs?
- Diuretics
- NSAIDs
- Other antihypertensives
These interactions can lead to increased side effects or decreased efficacy.
True or False: Antilipemic drugs can cause liver damage.
True
Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended.
What herbal preparations may affect anticoagulant drugs?
- Ginkgo biloba
- Garlic
- Ginger
These herbs can increase the risk of bleeding.
What is key health teaching for patients on antiplatelet drugs?
Avoid activities that increase bleeding risk
Patients should be educated on signs of bleeding.
What are the common uses of thrombolytic drugs?
- Acute myocardial infarction
- Pulmonary embolism
- Ischemic stroke
Timely administration is critical for effectiveness.
Fill in the blank: Antifibrinolytic drugs are often used in cases of _______.
[excessive bleeding]
What are antihypertensives?
These drugs lower blood pressure (BP).
What do diuretics do?
They increase blood volume by increasing urinary excretion of water and electrolytes.
How do diuretics affect blood pressure?
They lower BP and decrease the workload of the heart.
What is a loop diuretic example?
Lasix (furosemide)
What is a thiazide diuretic example?
Hydrochlorothiazide
What is a potassium-sparing diuretic example?
Spironolactone (Aldactone)
What do Ca channel blockers do?
They limit muscular contraction by blocking the movement of calcium.
How do Ca channel blockers affect heart rate and contractility?
They decrease heart rate (negative chronotropic) and decrease myocardial contractility (negative inotropic).
What is the effect of Ca channel blockers at low doses?
They relax the smooth muscles in arterioles, resulting in reduced BP.
What is an example of a non-selective Ca channel blocker?
Verapamil
What is an example of a selective Ca channel blocker?
Nifedipine (Adalat)
What is an example of another non-selective Ca channel blocker?
Diltiazem
What are the adverse effects of Ca channel blockers?
They may cause reduced BP and bradycardia.
What do direct vasodilators do?
They directly relax arteriolar smooth muscle, causing vasodilation.
How quickly do direct vasodilators affect BP?
They quickly lower BP.
What is an example of a direct vasodilator?
Hydralazine (Apo-hydralazine)
What do alpha-1 receptor blockers do?
They dilate arteries and veins to decrease peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) and lower BP.
What is an example of an alpha-1 receptor blocker?
Doxazosin (Cardura)
What do alpha-2 receptor agonists do?
They stimulate the brain to decrease sympathetic outflow, thereby lowering BP and reducing renin secretion.
What are examples of alpha-2 receptor agonists?
Clonidine, Methyldopa
What do beta-receptor blockers do?
They decrease heart rate by blocking beta-receptors.
How do beta-blockers affect renin secretion?
They decrease renin secretion.
What is an example of a beta-blocker?
Propranolol hydrochloride (Inderal)
What is another example of a beta-blocker?
Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor)
What is a third example of a beta-blocker?
Atenolol (Tenormin)
What do combination alpha- and beta-receptor blockers do?
They act in the periphery at the heart and blood vessels, providing dual antihypertensive effects.
What is an example of a combination alpha- and beta-receptor blocker?
Labetalol hydrochloride (Trandate)
What is the main function of antihypertensives?
Lower blood pressure
Antihypertensives are medications that help reduce high blood pressure.
What is secreted by the liver in the Renin Angiotensin Pathway?
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensinogen is a precursor that is converted into angiotensin I.
What triggers the kidney to release renin?
Low blood pressure
The kidney releases renin in response to decreased blood pressure.
What do ACE inhibitors do?
Inhibit Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
ACE inhibitors prevent the conversion of Angiotensin I to Angiotensin II.
What are common adverse effects of ACE inhibitors?
- Low blood pressure
- Fatigue
- Cough
These side effects may vary among individuals.
Name a common ACE inhibitor.
Enalapril (Vasotec)
Enalapril is widely used to treat hypertension.
What is the function of Direct Renin Inhibitors?
Block conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
These inhibitors directly target the renin enzyme.
What are common adverse effects of Direct Renin Inhibitors?
- Headache
- Dizziness
- Fatigue
These side effects can impact patient compliance.
How do Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) work?
Block vasoconstriction and hormone secretion
ARBs prevent the effects of angiotensin II after it is formed.
What are the effects of ARBs on blood pressure?
- Cause arteriole dilation
- Increase sodium excretion
- Decrease blood pressure
These mechanisms contribute to lowering blood pressure.
What is a common adverse effect of ARBs?
Elevated potassium levels
Monitoring potassium levels is important for patients on ARBs.
Fill in the blank: Patients should limit or avoid _______ and excessive alcohol intake.
salt
Reducing salt intake helps manage blood pressure.
What should patients monitor to manage hypertension?
Stress levels
Managing stress can positively impact blood pressure.
True or False: Heat can increase blood pressure.
True
Avoiding overheating is advised as it may raise blood pressure.
What should patients watch for when taking antihypertensives?
Orthostatic hypotension
This condition can lead to dizziness and falls.
What are antianginals?
Drugs that reduce chest pain
Antianginals include various classes of medications used to manage angina pectoris.
What is the primary action of nitrates?
Potent vasodilator that relaxes arterial and venous smooth muscle
Nitrates alleviate chest pain by decreasing the workload of the heart and myocardial oxygen demand.
What should not be taken within 24 hours of nitrates?
Viagra
Taking nitrates with Viagra can lead to severe hypotension.
What is the most common adverse effect of nitroglycerine?
Headache
Headaches are a frequent side effect due to vasodilation.
How should nitroglycerine be stored?
In an airtight, dry, dark glass bottle
It should not be exposed to direct sunlight.
What should you do if chest pain is not relieved in 5 minutes after taking nitroglycerine?
Call 911 and take another tablet
If chest pain persists, a third tablet can be taken 5 minutes later.
What are calcium channel blockers used for?
1st line drugs for chronic stable angina
They help to reduce myocardial oxygen demand and alleviate chest pain.
What is the function of beta blockers?
Block beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and myocardial contractility
This results in decreased cardiac workload.
What are common adverse effects of beta blockers?
Bradycardia, hypotension, dizziness, fatigue
Monitoring heart rate and blood pressure is essential while on beta blockers.
What is a contraindication for using beta blockers?
Bronchial asthma
Beta blockers can exacerbate bronchospasm in asthmatic patients.
What should be monitored when taking beta blockers?
Heart rate and blood pressure
Patients should hold medication if heart rate is less than 60 bpm.
What is the brand name of atenolol?
Tenormin
Atenolol is a cardioselective beta-1 blocker.
What effect does diltiazem have?
Antianginal, antihypertensive, antiarrhythmic
Diltiazem is effective in treating coronary artery spasms.
What should patients taking diltiazem avoid?
Grapefruit juice
Grapefruit juice can interact with diltiazem, affecting drug metabolism.
Fill in the blank: Calcium channel blockers can cause _______.
Hypotension, bradycardia
These are common adverse effects associated with calcium channel blockers.
True or False: Beta blockers should never be stopped abruptly.
True
Abrupt cessation can lead to rebound angina or hypertension.
What is the role of nitrates in treating chest pain?
Alleviates chest pain by decreasing myocardial oxygen demand
Nitrates help to relax blood vessels, improving blood flow to the heart.
