Bonus ( All Chaps ) ( Brian’s Review) Flashcards
What are drug names?
Names used to identify medications
Drug names can include generic names, brand names, and chemical names.
Define pharmacokinetics.
The study of how drugs move through the body
It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?
The process of a drug entering the bloodstream
Absorption can be affected by factors such as route of administration and drug formulation.
What does distribution refer to in pharmacokinetics?
The dispersion of a drug throughout the fluids and tissues of the body
Factors affecting distribution include blood flow and protein binding.
What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?
The process of eliminating drugs from the body
Commonly occurs through the kidneys, liver, or lungs.
What is the First Pass Effect?
The metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation
This effect can significantly reduce the bioavailability of certain medications.
What is therapeutic response?
The desired effect of a drug treatment
It indicates the effectiveness of the medication.
List common drug routes.
- Oral
- Intravenous
- Intramuscular
- Subcutaneous
- Topical
- Inhalation
Each route has different implications for absorption and effects.
What does tolerance mean in pharmacology?
A reduced response to a drug after repeated use
May require higher doses to achieve the same therapeutic effect.
How are older adults affected by pharmacokinetics?
They may experience altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
Age-related changes can increase sensitivity to drugs.
What are adrenergic drugs?
Medications that stimulate the adrenergic receptors
They are often used to treat conditions like asthma and cardiac arrest.
How does liver dysfunction affect pharmacology?
It can impair drug metabolism and increase toxicity
Patients with liver issues may require dose adjustments.
What is malignant hyperthermia?
A life-threatening reaction to certain anesthetics
It is characterized by a rapid increase in body temperature and severe muscle contractions.
What are salicylates?
A class of drugs that include aspirin
Salicylism refers to toxicity from excessive salicylate intake.
What is acetaminophen toxicity?
Overdose of acetaminophen can lead to liver damage
Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and confusion.
What is narcotic overdose?
A potentially fatal condition resulting from excessive use of narcotics
Symptoms may include respiratory depression and loss of consciousness.
What is the relationship between fever and pharmacology?
Fever can affect drug metabolism and efficacy
Antipyretics may be used to manage fever.
What are opioids?
A class of drugs used to relieve pain
They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.
What are narcotic analgesics?
Pain-relieving medications that include opioids
They are effective for moderate to severe pain relief.
What is morphine?
A powerful opioid analgesic used to treat severe pain
It has a high potential for dependence and abuse.
What is codeine?
An opioid used to treat mild to moderate pain and cough
It is often combined with acetaminophen.
What are NSAIDs?
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce inflammation and pain
Examples include ibuprofen and naproxen.
What is the role of antibiotics?
To treat bacterial infections
Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.
What are sulfonamides?
A group of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth
They are often used to treat urinary tract infections.
What is tetracycline?
An antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections
It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
What are cephalosporins?
A class of antibiotics related to penicillin
They are used to treat a wide range of infections.
What is vancomycin?
An antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections
It is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria.
What is fluorescein?
A dye used in medical diagnostics, particularly in eye exams
It helps to visualize corneal abrasions and foreign bodies.
What is tuberculosis?
A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs
Treatment often involves a long course of multiple antibiotics.
What are active and passive immunity?
- Active immunity: immunity developed after exposure to an antigen
- Passive immunity: immunity acquired from another source, such as maternal antibodies
Both types play critical roles in the immune response.
What are antivirals?
Medications used to treat viral infections
They work by inhibiting viral replication.
What is Highly Active Antiviral Therapy (HAART)?
A treatment regimen for HIV/AIDS that uses multiple antiretroviral drugs
HAART helps to reduce viral load and improve immune function.
What are diuretics?
Medications that promote the elimination of water and electrolytes
They are often used to treat conditions like hypertension and edema.
What are osmotic diuretics?
Diuretics that increase the osmolarity of the blood
They draw water into the bloodstream and are used in specific medical situations.
What are loop diuretics?
A class of diuretics that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle
They are effective for managing fluid overload and hypertension.
What is the difference between Lasix and Aldactone?
Lasix is a loop diuretic, while Aldactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic
Lasix (Furosemide) is used for fluid retention, and Aldactone (Spironolactone) helps prevent potassium loss.
What are Thiazide and Thiazide-like diuretics used for?
They are used to treat hypertension and edema
Examples include Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorthalidone.
What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin?
Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, leading to decreased formation of thromboxane A2
This effect reduces platelet aggregation.
What type of drug is Enoxaparin?
Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin
It is used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
What is Heparin used for?
Heparin is used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots
It can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously.
What is the primary use of Warfarin?
Warfarin is used as an oral anticoagulant to prevent thromboembolic events
It works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.
What are thrombolytics used for?
Thrombolytics are used to dissolve blood clots
Examples include Alteplase and Streptokinase.
What is Protamine sulfate used for?
Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin
It neutralizes heparin activity.
What role does Vitamin K play in anticoagulation therapy?
Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of certain clotting factors
It is used to reverse the effects of warfarin.
What are nitrates commonly used for?
Nitrates are used to treat angina pectoris
They work by dilating blood vessels.
What is Sildenafil primarily used for?
Sildenafil is used to treat erectile dysfunction
It works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5).
What is the function of ACE inhibitors?
ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme
Examples include Lisinopril and Enalapril.
What do Beta-Blockers (BBs) do?
Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility
They are used for hypertension and heart failure.
What are Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) used for?
CCBs are used to treat hypertension and angina
They work by preventing calcium from entering cells.
What is Digitalis (Digoxin) Toxicity?
Digitalis toxicity occurs when there is an excessive amount of digoxin in the body
Symptoms include nausea, confusion, and arrhythmias.
What do LDL and HDL stand for?
LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein and HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein
LDL is often referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol, while HDL is ‘good’ cholesterol.
What are colloids and plasma expanders used for?
Colloids and plasma expanders are used to increase blood volume
They are often used in cases of shock or severe blood loss.
What are crystalloids?
Crystalloids are solutions of minerals or other water-soluble substances
They are used for fluid replacement.
What are laxatives used for?
Laxatives are used to relieve constipation
They can be classified into several types, including stimulants and osmotic agents.
What is Central and Peripheral TPN?
Central TPN is administered through a central venous catheter, while Peripheral TPN is given through a peripheral vein
TPN stands for total parenteral nutrition.
What is ketoacidosis?
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state characterized by high levels of ketones in the blood
It often occurs in uncontrolled diabetes.
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system
They regulate various physiological processes.
What does glucagon do?
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver
It is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.
What is the function of vasopressin?
Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), regulates water balance in the body
It promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.
What is Synthroid?
Synthroid is a brand name for levothyroxine
It is used to treat hypothyroidism.
What are Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) used for?
PPIs are used to reduce gastric acid production
They are commonly used for GERD and peptic ulcers.
What is the relationship between anemia and iron?
Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells
Iron is essential for hemoglobin production.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and constriction
Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.
What is Salbutamol used for?
Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used to relieve asthma symptoms
It works by relaxing airway muscles.
What are corticosteroids used for?
Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system
They are often used in asthma and autoimmune disorders.
What are antitussives?
Antitussives are medications used to suppress coughing
Examples include Dextromethorphan and Codeine.
What is the function of expectorants?
Expectorants help loosen mucus in the airways
They facilitate easier coughing up of mucus.
What are antiepileptics?
Antiepileptics are medications used to prevent seizures
Examples include Phenytoin and Valproate.
What is the difference between general and local anesthetic?
General anesthetic induces a state of controlled unconsciousness, while local anesthetic numbs a specific area
General anesthetics are used for major surgeries, while local anesthetics are used for minor procedures.
What are benzodiazepines used for?
Benzodiazepines are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
Examples include Diazepam and Lorazepam.
What are SSRIs?
SSRIs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat depression and anxiety disorders
Examples include Fluoxetine and Sertraline.
What are MAOIs?
MAOIs are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat depression
They work by inhibiting the breakdown of neurotransmitters.
What is the purpose of antidepressants?
Antidepressants are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders
They can be classified into several categories, including SSRIs and tricyclics.
What is mania?
Mania is a state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood
It is often associated with bipolar disorder.
What are antiemetics?
Antiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting
Examples include Ondansetron and Metoclopramide.
What is Ondansetron used for?
Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or surgery
It is an effective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.
