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PCP Pharm Review > Bonus ( All Chaps ) ( Brian’s Review) > Flashcards

Bonus ( All Chaps ) ( Brian’s Review) Flashcards

1
Q

What are drug names?

A

Names used to identify medications

Drug names can include generic names, brand names, and chemical names.

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2
Q

Define pharmacokinetics.

A

The study of how drugs move through the body

It involves absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

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3
Q

What is absorption in pharmacokinetics?

A

The process of a drug entering the bloodstream

Absorption can be affected by factors such as route of administration and drug formulation.

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4
Q

What does distribution refer to in pharmacokinetics?

A

The dispersion of a drug throughout the fluids and tissues of the body

Factors affecting distribution include blood flow and protein binding.

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5
Q

What is excretion in pharmacokinetics?

A

The process of eliminating drugs from the body

Commonly occurs through the kidneys, liver, or lungs.

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6
Q

What is the First Pass Effect?

A

The metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation

This effect can significantly reduce the bioavailability of certain medications.

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7
Q

What is therapeutic response?

A

The desired effect of a drug treatment

It indicates the effectiveness of the medication.

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8
Q

List common drug routes.

A
  • Oral
  • Intravenous
  • Intramuscular
  • Subcutaneous
  • Topical
  • Inhalation

Each route has different implications for absorption and effects.

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9
Q

What does tolerance mean in pharmacology?

A

A reduced response to a drug after repeated use

May require higher doses to achieve the same therapeutic effect.

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10
Q

How are older adults affected by pharmacokinetics?

A

They may experience altered absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Age-related changes can increase sensitivity to drugs.

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11
Q

What are adrenergic drugs?

A

Medications that stimulate the adrenergic receptors

They are often used to treat conditions like asthma and cardiac arrest.

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12
Q

How does liver dysfunction affect pharmacology?

A

It can impair drug metabolism and increase toxicity

Patients with liver issues may require dose adjustments.

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13
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A

A life-threatening reaction to certain anesthetics

It is characterized by a rapid increase in body temperature and severe muscle contractions.

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14
Q

What are salicylates?

A

A class of drugs that include aspirin

Salicylism refers to toxicity from excessive salicylate intake.

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15
Q

What is acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Overdose of acetaminophen can lead to liver damage

Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and confusion.

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16
Q

What is narcotic overdose?

A

A potentially fatal condition resulting from excessive use of narcotics

Symptoms may include respiratory depression and loss of consciousness.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between fever and pharmacology?

A

Fever can affect drug metabolism and efficacy

Antipyretics may be used to manage fever.

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18
Q

What are opioids?

A

A class of drugs used to relieve pain

They work by binding to opioid receptors in the brain.

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19
Q

What are narcotic analgesics?

A

Pain-relieving medications that include opioids

They are effective for moderate to severe pain relief.

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20
Q

What is morphine?

A

A powerful opioid analgesic used to treat severe pain

It has a high potential for dependence and abuse.

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21
Q

What is codeine?

A

An opioid used to treat mild to moderate pain and cough

It is often combined with acetaminophen.

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22
Q

What are NSAIDs?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce inflammation and pain

Examples include ibuprofen and naproxen.

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23
Q

What is the role of antibiotics?

A

To treat bacterial infections

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

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24
Q

What are sulfonamides?

A

A group of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth

They are often used to treat urinary tract infections.

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25
Q

What is tetracycline?

A

An antibiotic used to treat a variety of infections

It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

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26
Q

What are cephalosporins?

A

A class of antibiotics related to penicillin

They are used to treat a wide range of infections.

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27
Q

What is vancomycin?

A

An antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections

It is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria.

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28
Q

What is fluorescein?

A

A dye used in medical diagnostics, particularly in eye exams

It helps to visualize corneal abrasions and foreign bodies.

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29
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A contagious bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs

Treatment often involves a long course of multiple antibiotics.

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30
Q

What are active and passive immunity?

A
  • Active immunity: immunity developed after exposure to an antigen
  • Passive immunity: immunity acquired from another source, such as maternal antibodies

Both types play critical roles in the immune response.

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31
Q

What are antivirals?

A

Medications used to treat viral infections

They work by inhibiting viral replication.

32
Q

What is Highly Active Antiviral Therapy (HAART)?

A

A treatment regimen for HIV/AIDS that uses multiple antiretroviral drugs

HAART helps to reduce viral load and improve immune function.

33
Q

What are diuretics?

A

Medications that promote the elimination of water and electrolytes

They are often used to treat conditions like hypertension and edema.

34
Q

What are osmotic diuretics?

A

Diuretics that increase the osmolarity of the blood

They draw water into the bloodstream and are used in specific medical situations.

35
Q

What are loop diuretics?

A

A class of diuretics that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle

They are effective for managing fluid overload and hypertension.

36
Q

What is the difference between Lasix and Aldactone?

A

Lasix is a loop diuretic, while Aldactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic

Lasix (Furosemide) is used for fluid retention, and Aldactone (Spironolactone) helps prevent potassium loss.

37
Q

What are Thiazide and Thiazide-like diuretics used for?

A

They are used to treat hypertension and edema

Examples include Hydrochlorothiazide and Chlorthalidone.

38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aspirin?

A

Aspirin inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, leading to decreased formation of thromboxane A2

This effect reduces platelet aggregation.

39
Q

What type of drug is Enoxaparin?

A

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin

It is used for the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

40
Q

What is Heparin used for?

A

Heparin is used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots

It can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously.

41
Q

What is the primary use of Warfarin?

A

Warfarin is used as an oral anticoagulant to prevent thromboembolic events

It works by inhibiting vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

42
Q

What are thrombolytics used for?

A

Thrombolytics are used to dissolve blood clots

Examples include Alteplase and Streptokinase.

43
Q

What is Protamine sulfate used for?

A

Protamine sulfate is used to reverse the effects of heparin

It neutralizes heparin activity.

44
Q

What role does Vitamin K play in anticoagulation therapy?

A

Vitamin K is essential for the synthesis of certain clotting factors

It is used to reverse the effects of warfarin.

45
Q

What are nitrates commonly used for?

A

Nitrates are used to treat angina pectoris

They work by dilating blood vessels.

46
Q

What is Sildenafil primarily used for?

A

Sildenafil is used to treat erectile dysfunction

It works by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5).

47
Q

What is the function of ACE inhibitors?

A

ACE inhibitors lower blood pressure by inhibiting the angiotensin-converting enzyme

Examples include Lisinopril and Enalapril.

48
Q

What do Beta-Blockers (BBs) do?

A

Beta-blockers reduce heart rate and contractility

They are used for hypertension and heart failure.

49
Q

What are Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) used for?

A

CCBs are used to treat hypertension and angina

They work by preventing calcium from entering cells.

50
Q

What is Digitalis (Digoxin) Toxicity?

A

Digitalis toxicity occurs when there is an excessive amount of digoxin in the body

Symptoms include nausea, confusion, and arrhythmias.

51
Q

What do LDL and HDL stand for?

A

LDL stands for low-density lipoprotein and HDL stands for high-density lipoprotein

LDL is often referred to as ‘bad’ cholesterol, while HDL is ‘good’ cholesterol.

52
Q

What are colloids and plasma expanders used for?

A

Colloids and plasma expanders are used to increase blood volume

They are often used in cases of shock or severe blood loss.

53
Q

What are crystalloids?

A

Crystalloids are solutions of minerals or other water-soluble substances

They are used for fluid replacement.

54
Q

What are laxatives used for?

A

Laxatives are used to relieve constipation

They can be classified into several types, including stimulants and osmotic agents.

55
Q

What is Central and Peripheral TPN?

A

Central TPN is administered through a central venous catheter, while Peripheral TPN is given through a peripheral vein

TPN stands for total parenteral nutrition.

56
Q

What is ketoacidosis?

A

Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state characterized by high levels of ketones in the blood

It often occurs in uncontrolled diabetes.

57
Q

What are hormones?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands in the endocrine system

They regulate various physiological processes.

58
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver

It is produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas.

59
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), regulates water balance in the body

It promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

60
Q

What is Synthroid?

A

Synthroid is a brand name for levothyroxine

It is used to treat hypothyroidism.

61
Q

What are Protein Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) used for?

A

PPIs are used to reduce gastric acid production

They are commonly used for GERD and peptic ulcers.

62
Q

What is the relationship between anemia and iron?

A

Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, characterized by a lack of healthy red blood cells

Iron is essential for hemoglobin production.

63
Q

What is asthma?

A

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by airway inflammation and constriction

Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath.

64
Q

What is Salbutamol used for?

A

Salbutamol is a bronchodilator used to relieve asthma symptoms

It works by relaxing airway muscles.

65
Q

What are corticosteroids used for?

A

Corticosteroids are used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system

They are often used in asthma and autoimmune disorders.

66
Q

What are antitussives?

A

Antitussives are medications used to suppress coughing

Examples include Dextromethorphan and Codeine.

67
Q

What is the function of expectorants?

A

Expectorants help loosen mucus in the airways

They facilitate easier coughing up of mucus.

68
Q

What are antiepileptics?

A

Antiepileptics are medications used to prevent seizures

Examples include Phenytoin and Valproate.

69
Q

What is the difference between general and local anesthetic?

A

General anesthetic induces a state of controlled unconsciousness, while local anesthetic numbs a specific area

General anesthetics are used for major surgeries, while local anesthetics are used for minor procedures.

70
Q

What are benzodiazepines used for?

A

Benzodiazepines are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures

Examples include Diazepam and Lorazepam.

71
Q

What are SSRIs?

A

SSRIs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors used to treat depression and anxiety disorders

Examples include Fluoxetine and Sertraline.

72
Q

What are MAOIs?

A

MAOIs are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used to treat depression

They work by inhibiting the breakdown of neurotransmitters.

73
Q

What is the purpose of antidepressants?

A

Antidepressants are used to treat depression and anxiety disorders

They can be classified into several categories, including SSRIs and tricyclics.

74
Q

What is mania?

A

Mania is a state of abnormally elevated or irritable mood

It is often associated with bipolar disorder.

75
Q

What are antiemetics?

A

Antiemetics are medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting

Examples include Ondansetron and Metoclopramide.

76
Q

What is Ondansetron used for?

A

Ondansetron is used to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy or surgery

It is an effective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist.

PCP Pharm Review (10 decks)

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