Module 9

Question 1

Rationalism

Answer 1

A priori truths; deductive reasoning; there are truths that exist in the world

Question 2

Empericism

Answer 2

A posteriori truths; inductive reasoning

Question 3

Deduction

Answer 3

Logical process to unearth truths; general principles that are applicable to any situation; born knowing all truths but we have forgotten them

Question 4

Induction

Answer 4

Making lots of observations and creating theory you think is the truth; creating general principles based on individual situations

Question 5

Categorical syllogism

Answer 5

Drawing conclusions from 2 quantifiable statements; solved using mental models (all x are y); logical outcome does not have to match reality

Question 6

Mental models

Answer 6

Representation of all given info and all possible outcomes. Limited by working memory capacity, prior knowledge, and imagery ability

Question 7

Indeterminate

Answer 7

Just don’t know a conclusion or cannot draw logical conclusion

Question 8

Conditional reasoning

Answer 8

Drawing conclusions from “if…then” statements; logical conclusions don’t have to match reality; only move in one direction

Question 9

Antecedent

Answer 9

“If…”; first condition of the statement

Question 10

Consequent

Answer 10

“then…”; second condition of the statement

Question 11

Valid arguments

Answer 11

Affirming the antecedent and denying the consequent

Question 12

Wason selection task

Answer 12

Four cards given. Asked the minimum number of cards to flip to prove a conditional statement. Found that people will flip cards that affirm the antecedent and affirm the consequent (confirmation bias);

Question 13

Pragmatic reasoning skills

Answer 13

Can be used to solve selection task; if you have a schema, you don’t need to reason you can just retrieve a memory

Question 14

Belief-bias effect

Answer 14

Ignoring logic and relying on knowledge but ending up with an invalid conclusion

Question 15

Expected utility theory

Answer 15

Explains how two people can come to different conclusions about the same issue using logic. People utilize subjective utility and probability. Assumes people are rational and strive to make the most optimal choice. Normative model (assumes given response is based off of logic)

Question 16

Subjective utility

Answer 16

How important something is to us

Question 17

Subjective probability

Answer 17

Guessing likelihood of something

Question 18

Cognitive approach

Answer 18

Assumes limited cognitive resources; incorporates heuristic and biases to aid decision making in light of limited resources

Question 19

Framing effect

Answer 19

Decisions influenced by wording and background content. Can affect what we perceive as a gain or a loss. People are risk averse when framed as a gain, but risk taking when framed as a loss

Question 20

Representativeness Heuristic

Answer 20

Judge outcome likelihood based on similarity to a population/process. More similarity is spurs more likelihood

Question 21

Small-sample fallacy

Answer 21

Believing that small samples are representative of the population

Question 22

Conjunction fallacy

Answer 22

Believing that the probability of two things being true is higher than the probability of one thing

Question 23

Base-rate fallacy

Answer 23

Failure to acknowledge the base rate of a population (relying almost exclusively on representativeness)

Question 24

Availability Heuristic

Answer 24

Judge likelihood based on how easily we can imagine the outcome

Question 25

Dual Process theory of decision making

Answer 25

2 decision making systems that everyone has. We automatically default to system 1, but we can apply system 2 at will.

Question 26

Dual theory system 1

Answer 26

Automatic and implicit; same across people, not linked to intelligence/cognitive ability

Question 27

Dual theory system 2

Answer 27

Controlled and conscious; specific differences between individuals are in debate