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PSY270: Cognitive Psych > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mind-Body Problem

A

How can the output of the soul be related to the body?

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2
Q

Fechner

A

Studied perception (internal representation of external stimuli); opened the door for psych research

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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Structuralism; first psychologist; studied structure of consciousness through controlled analytic introspection; attempted to break complex processes down into individual elements to be studied

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4
Q

Titchner

A

Student of Wundt; incorporated Wundt’s ideas with his own to make his own structuralist views (scientific observations had to match his opinions/findings to be ‘correct’)

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5
Q

William James

A

Functionalism; father of Psych in America; studied the purpose of thought rather than its elements; focus on controlling and predicting behavior through observation

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6
Q

Key principles of the scientific method

A

Empiricism, Determinism, Parsimony, Testability (Pragmatic Materialism)

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7
Q

Empiricism

A

Real observations of psychological processes that cannot be directly observed

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8
Q

Determinism

A

Everything must have a cause

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9
Q

Testability

A

Theories must be confirmable, either true or false (psych theories are difficult to test due to their internal nature)

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10
Q

Parsimony

A

Go with the simplest explanation of a behavior/theory/phenomenon

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11
Q

Behaviorism

A

Focus on studying observable behavior, brought psychology to a level where it was taken seriously; Pavlov, B.F Skinner, Watson (black box model), E.C Tolman. Still used in modern experiments, but not used to explain intelligence or cognition

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12
Q

Radial Arm Maze Experiment (E.C Tolman)

A

Rat trained to turn right to achieve food, but found to turn left when placed in a new position in the maze despite not receiving that training. Occurred ONLY in mice who could explore the maze freely before food was introduced. Proved latent learning and cognitive mapping, and that learning can happen without reward or punishment. Showed cognition happens between input and output

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13
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Linguist, argued with Skinner’s behaviorist beliefs. Argued people could perform novel tasks without ever having learned them, specifically in language creation

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14
Q

Shift to Cognition from Behaviorism

A

Catalyst: World War II
Reason: Government wanted to create computers to replace humans in war
Focus: Attention, problem solving, decision making

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15
Q

Alan Turing

A

Father of mechanization; focused on finding the human ‘thought’ function that produced output

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16
Q

Newell and Simon

A

Created first non-war computer program; logic theorist problem-solving capabilities

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17
Q

Neisser

A

Coined the term “cognitive psych”; argued that the human mind functioned like a computer

18
Q

Importance of computers to Cog Psych

A

Changed the focus towards inward thought processes that produce behaviors and how to recreate them in machines. Inspired new avenues of research; attempt to reverse engineer the brain

19
Q

Major themes of Cog Psych Research

A

Representations, Computations, Biological Perspective, Embodiment, Interaction between representations and computations

20
Q

Representations

A

Mental events that stand for something that exists in the physical world. Generated entirely inside the brain; ‘aboutness’

21
Q

Computations

A

The brain processes like a computer; thoughts can be manipulated according to certain rules. One we understand the rules, we can understand thought

22
Q

Interaction of representations and computations

A

The computational mind operates by manipulating the symbol system that is produced through representations.

23
Q

Biological Perspective

A

Observe the brain to map cortical areas to cognitive functions

24
Q

Embodiment

A

How our bodies interact with the world to solve the grounding problem, and how the interaction makes human processing different than computer processing

25
Q

Grounding problem

A

Symbol systems have no basis in reality; can use referents for objects forever without ever actually defining an object

26
Q

Case Studies

A

In depth analysis of a single subject

27
Q

Correlational studies

A

Finding relationships between variables, but cannot draw causal conclusions

28
Q

Experiments

A

Controlled manipulations of certain variables that can draw causal conclusions

29
Q

Quasi-experiments

A

Experiment where random assignment of a variable is impossible

30
Q

Computer simulations

A

Used to test plausibility/correctness of cognitive formulizations

31
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable the experimenter directly controls

32
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is observed, looking for changes due to independent variable

33
Q

Random assignment

A

Everyone in a test population has an equal change of getting assigned to any of the test groups

34
Q

Confound

A

Something external and not controlled that can possibly affect the outcome of an experiment or study

35
Q

Response measures used in Cog Psych

A

Accuracy (how correctly a participant completes the given task) and Response Time (how fast a participant responds to target stimulus); focus on voluntary responses

36
Q

Cognition

A

Sum of all intelligent mental activities

37
Q

Basic goal of cognitive Psychology

A

To understand human thought and cognitive processes

38
Q

Machine learning

A

Computers are programmed to learn and get better at a task through input and feedback

39
Q

Dualism

A

The mind and the body consist of fundamentally different substances or properties

40
Q

Criticisms of Structuralism

A

Introspection only accounts for what we are aware of, and lots of cognitive process occurs outside of our awareness. Cannot be externally measured or reliably tested

41
Q

Nuance Variables

A

Variables of a participants behavior that could change their results but not be the result of a different cognitive process (lack of attention, mistakes, etc.). Causes noise in data

PSY270: Cognitive Psych (11 decks)

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