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BIO181 > Module 9-12 > Flashcards

Module 9-12 Flashcards

1
Q

The citric acid/Kreb’s cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2.

A

True

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2
Q

Where is carbon dioxide produced?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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3
Q

Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb’s cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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4
Q

Glycolysis requires the investment of two_________ in order to obtain a gross output of four ________ .

A

ATP

ATP

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5
Q

The cell does not need ATP to survive.

A

False

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6
Q

Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle.

A

True

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8
Q

Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

A

True

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9
Q

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it

A

True

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10
Q

Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to ______________ released by some cells of the immune system.

A

histamine

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11
Q

When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called ______________.

A

tolerance

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12
Q

There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node.

A

True

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13
Q

If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________.

A

T-Cell Receptor

Epitope

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14
Q

Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

A

False

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15
Q

The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system.

A

True

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16
Q

Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information.

A

True

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17
Q

B and T cells are called lymphocytes

A

True

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18
Q

Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system.

A

False (non-specific)

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19
Q

In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells

A

False

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20
Q

Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow.

A

True

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21
Q

Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found.

A

False (immature)

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22
Q

How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system?

A

Muscle contractions move the lymph fluid up to the heart and back into the circulatory system

23
Q

When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________.

A

Blast Transformation
Plasma
Memory Cells

24
Q

In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to:

A

bacteria and fungi on the surface of the body that compete against pathogens

25
Q

Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them.

A 
Bone marrow
thymus
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphatic ducts
26
Q

Red blood cells are a part of the immune system

A

False

27
Q

Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

A

True

28
Q

Mast cells release histamine.

A

True

29
Q

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it.

A

True

30
Q

Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system?

A

Yes

31
Q

You should have your appendix removed whenever possible.

A

False

32
Q

Having a fever of 100 F can help you fight off infections.

A

True

33
Q

Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

A

True

34
Q

Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems.

A

Actin Filament System

Intermediate Filament System

35
Q

Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side.

A

True

36
Q

The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________.

A

Tight Junction

Adhering Junction

37
Q

In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas?

A

The enzymes secreted by the pancreas are very similar to the enzymes in a primary lysososome.

38
Q

Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers.

A
  1. Lumen
  2. Mucosa
  3. Submucosa
  4. Muscular layer
  5. Serosa
39
Q

How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach?

A

It secretes bicarbonate ions that bring up pH of chyme from 2 to 7.

40
Q

The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called?

A

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters

41
Q

List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food.

A

Glycogens, fats, proteins

42
Q

Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine.

A

Pyloric sphincter

43
Q

When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called ___________________ ___________________ ___________________.

A

Essential Amino Acids

44
Q

90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where?

A

In the jejunum and ileum.

45
Q

List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous.

A

Mucosa and submucosa

46
Q

If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet.

A

True

47
Q

What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels?

A

Bile is made from cholesterol. The fiber in oatmeal binds tightly to bile and when it’s eliminated from the body, it brings the bile (cholesterol) with it.

48
Q

Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile?

A

When the body realizes fats are being eaten, signal sent to the gull bladder causing it to constrict and force bile out through bile duct and into the duodenum.

49
Q

When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism?

A

High glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin triggers cells to take in the glucose.

50
Q

Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made?

A

Bacteria in intestines.

51
Q

Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption.

A

Digestion is breaking down food in smaller chunks. Absorption is when you take the nutrients into your body.

52
Q

Name the main enzyme in the stomach.

A

Pepsin (inactive form is pepsinogen)

53
Q

The digestive track begins with the ___________________ and the first enzyme added is ___________________.

A

Mouth

Amylase

BIO181 (8 decks)

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