Module 9-12

Question 1

The citric acid/Kreb’s cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Where is carbon dioxide produced?

Answer 2

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 3

Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb’s cycle occur?

Answer 3

Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 4

Glycolysis requires the investment of two_________ in order to obtain a gross output of four ________ .

Answer 4

ATP

ATP

Question 5

The cell does not need ATP to survive.

Answer 5

False

Question 6

Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur?

Answer 6

Cytoplasm

Question 7

FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to ______________ released by some cells of the immune system.

Answer 10

histamine

Question 11

When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called ______________.

Answer 11

tolerance

Question 12

There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________.

Answer 13

T-Cell Receptor

Epitope

Question 14

Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

Answer 14

False

Question 15

The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

B and T cells are called lymphocytes

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system.

Answer 18

False (non-specific)

Question 19

In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow.

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found.

Answer 21

False (immature)

Question 22

How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system?

Answer 22

Muscle contractions move the lymph fluid up to the heart and back into the circulatory system

Question 23

When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________.

Answer 23

Blast Transformation
Plasma
Memory Cells

Question 24

In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to:

Answer 24

bacteria and fungi on the surface of the body that compete against pathogens

Question 25

Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them.

Answer 25

``` Bone marrow thymus spleen lymph nodes lymphatic ducts ```

Question 26

Red blood cells are a part of the immune system

Answer 26

False

Question 27

Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Mast cells release histamine.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it.

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

You should have your appendix removed whenever possible.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

Having a fever of 100 F can help you fight off infections.

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems.

Answer 34

Actin Filament System | Intermediate Filament System

Question 35

Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side.

Answer 35

True

Question 36

The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________.

Answer 36

Tight Junction | Adhering Junction

Question 37

In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas?

Answer 37

The enzymes secreted by the pancreas are very similar to the enzymes in a primary lysososome.

Question 38

Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers.

Answer 38

0. Lumen 1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular layer 4. Serosa

Question 39

How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach?

Answer 39

It secretes bicarbonate ions that bring up pH of chyme from 2 to 7.

Question 40

The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called?

Answer 40

Upper and lower esophageal sphincters

Question 41

List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food.

Answer 41

Glycogens, fats, proteins

Question 42

Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine.

Answer 42

Pyloric sphincter

Question 43

When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called ___________________ ___________________ ___________________.

Answer 43

Essential Amino Acids

Question 44

90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where?

Answer 44

In the jejunum and ileum.

Question 45

List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous.

Answer 45

Mucosa and submucosa

Question 46

If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet.

Answer 46

True

Question 47

What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels?

Answer 47

Bile is made from cholesterol. The fiber in oatmeal binds tightly to bile and when it's eliminated from the body, it brings the bile (cholesterol) with it.

Question 48

Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile?

Answer 48

When the body realizes fats are being eaten, signal sent to the gull bladder causing it to constrict and force bile out through bile duct and into the duodenum.

Question 49

When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism?

Answer 49

High glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin triggers cells to take in the glucose.

Question 50

Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made?

Answer 50

Bacteria in intestines.

Question 51

Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption.

Answer 51

Digestion is breaking down food in smaller chunks. Absorption is when you take the nutrients into your body.

Question 52

Name the main enzyme in the stomach.

Answer 52

Pepsin (inactive form is pepsinogen)

Question 53

The digestive track begins with the ___________________ and the first enzyme added is ___________________.

Answer 53

Mouth | Amylase