Module 9-12 Flashcards
The citric acid/Kreb’s cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2.
True
Where is carbon dioxide produced?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb’s cycle occur?
Mitochondrial Matrix
Glycolysis requires the investment of two_________ in order to obtain a gross output of four ________ .
ATP
ATP
The cell does not need ATP to survive.
False
Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle.
True
Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.
True
A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it
True
Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to ______________ released by some cells of the immune system.
histamine
When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called ______________.
tolerance
There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node.
True
If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a ______________ Major histocompatibility complex protein to a ______________.
T-Cell Receptor
Epitope
Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.
False
The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system.
True
Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information.
True
B and T cells are called lymphocytes
True
Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system.
False (non-specific)
In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells
False
Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow.
True
Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found.
False (immature)
How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system?
Muscle contractions move the lymph fluid up to the heart and back into the circulatory system
When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through ______________ ______________ and B cells subsequently can become ______________ and/or ______________ ______________.
Blast Transformation
Plasma
Memory Cells
In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to:
bacteria and fungi on the surface of the body that compete against pathogens
Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them.
Bone marrow thymus spleen lymph nodes lymphatic ducts
Red blood cells are a part of the immune system
False
Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein.
True
Mast cells release histamine.
True
A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it.
True
Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system?
Yes
You should have your appendix removed whenever possible.
False
Having a fever of 100 F can help you fight off infections.
True
Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered.
True
Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems.
Actin Filament System
Intermediate Filament System
Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side.
True
The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a _____________ _____________. While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by _____________ _____________.
Tight Junction
Adhering Junction
In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas?
The enzymes secreted by the pancreas are very similar to the enzymes in a primary lysososome.
Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers.
- Lumen
- Mucosa
- Submucosa
- Muscular layer
- Serosa
How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach?
It secretes bicarbonate ions that bring up pH of chyme from 2 to 7.
The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called?
Upper and lower esophageal sphincters
List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food.
Glycogens, fats, proteins
Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine.
Pyloric sphincter
When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called ___________________ ___________________ ___________________.
Essential Amino Acids
90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where?
In the jejunum and ileum.
List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous.
Mucosa and submucosa
If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet.
True
What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels?
Bile is made from cholesterol. The fiber in oatmeal binds tightly to bile and when it’s eliminated from the body, it brings the bile (cholesterol) with it.
Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile?
When the body realizes fats are being eaten, signal sent to the gull bladder causing it to constrict and force bile out through bile duct and into the duodenum.
When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism?
High glucose levels trigger the pancreas to release insulin. Insulin triggers cells to take in the glucose.
Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made?
Bacteria in intestines.
Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption.
Digestion is breaking down food in smaller chunks. Absorption is when you take the nutrients into your body.
Name the main enzyme in the stomach.
Pepsin (inactive form is pepsinogen)
The digestive track begins with the ___________________ and the first enzyme added is ___________________.
Mouth
Amylase
