Module 5-6

Question 1

MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____________ ____________(two words). If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ____________ ____________(two words).

Answer 1

Cell Cycle

Mitosis Phase

Question 2

There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses ____________ and the other uses ____________.

Answer 2

Calcium Signal

Protein Kinasas

Question 3

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ____________ communication.

Answer 3

Endocrine

Question 4

When a cell “talks to itself” it is called ____________ communication.

Answer 4

Autocrine

Question 5

When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses ____________.

Answer 5

Kinases

Question 6

Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are ____________ and ____________.

Answer 6

Cyclic AMP

Heterotrimeric G Protein

Question 7

There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the ____________ ____________ (two words).

Answer 7

Plasma Membrane

Question 8

The other point where MAPK can become active is ____________ of the cell cycle.

Answer 8

m-phase

Question 9

There is communication between cells and communication ____________ cells.

Answer 9

Within

Question 10

There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called ____________ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _________ communication and it takes minutes to hours to act.

Answer 10

Nuclear

Cytoplasmic

Question 11

For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ____________ communication.

Answer 11

Paracrine

Question 12

The _________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _________.

Answer 12

Cyclin

separate

Question 13

Many chemotherapy drugs act by _______ the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.

Answer 13

arresting

Question 14

Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms.

Answer 14

Contractile Ring formation

Phragmoplast formation

Question 15

______ can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.

Answer 15

cancer

Question 16

In your body _____ cells go through the cell cycle.

Answer 16

not all

Question 17

The _______ of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.

Answer 17

synthesis/presence

Question 18

In the time span of 10 years ______ cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.

Answer 18

not every

Question 19

_______________ controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.

Answer 19

Cytoplasmic signal transduction

Question 20

During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is _________

Answer 20

“settled down”

Question 21

________ of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.

Answer 21

Gap 1

Question 22

After __________ an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.

Answer 22

DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase)

Question 23

An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a _________ _________ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into _________.

Answer 23

Histone kinase

chromosomes

Question 24

At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a ___________ to regulate the checkpoint.

Answer 24

cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk)

Question 25

List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle.

Answer 25

Cells that never go through cell cycle
cells that can be induced into cell cycle by injury
cells that constantly go through cell cycle

Question 26

The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in _________ _________ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.

Answer 26

Settling down