Module 5-6 Flashcards
MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the ____________ ____________(two words). If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the ____________ ____________(two words).
Cell Cycle
Mitosis Phase
There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses ____________ and the other uses ____________.
Calcium Signal
Protein Kinasas
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called ____________ communication.
Endocrine
When a cell “talks to itself” it is called ____________ communication.
Autocrine
When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses ____________.
Kinases
Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are ____________ and ____________.
Cyclic AMP
Heterotrimeric G Protein
There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the ____________ ____________ (two words).
Plasma Membrane
The other point where MAPK can become active is ____________ of the cell cycle.
m-phase
There is communication between cells and communication ____________ cells.
Within
There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called ____________ signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called _________ communication and it takes minutes to hours to act.
Nuclear
Cytoplasmic
For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called ____________ communication.
Paracrine
The _________ begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to _________.
Cyclin
separate
Many chemotherapy drugs act by _______ the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle.
arresting
Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms.
Contractile Ring formation
Phragmoplast formation
______ can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation.
cancer
In your body _____ cells go through the cell cycle.
not all
The _______ of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles.
synthesis/presence
In the time span of 10 years ______ cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle.
not every
_______________ controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle.
Cytoplasmic signal transduction
During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is _________
“settled down”
________ of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell.
Gap 1
After __________ an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome.
DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase)
An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a _________ _________ (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into _________.
Histone kinase
chromosomes
At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a ___________ to regulate the checkpoint.
cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk)
List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle.
Cells that never go through cell cycle
cells that can be induced into cell cycle by injury
cells that constantly go through cell cycle
The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in _________ _________ (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase.
Settling down
