Module 13-14

Question 1

Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web.

Answer 1

The action potential originates from the axon hillock which initiates the flow of the action potential because of the presence of higher density voltage-gated ion channels.

Question 2

Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The action potential is:

Answer 3

A result of the movement of ions.

Question 4

Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons?

Answer 6

Provides insulation for the axons.

Question 7

Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell.

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell.

Answer 9

True

Question 10

The post-synaptic cell can be:

Answer 10

In glands, muscle cells, neurons

Question 11

Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

The terminal web:

Answer 13

is a site of exocytosis

Question 14

The central nervous system (CNS) contains:

Answer 14

There is no correct answer

Question 15

Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture.

Answer 15

…

Question 16

The resting potential of neurons is:

Answer 16

The answer is not on this list

-60mV

Question 17

The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal.

Answer 17

False

Question 18

In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is:

Answer 18

Calcium Ions

Question 19

The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells.

Answer 23

False

Question 24

Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures.

Answer 24

…

Question 25

The neural tissues are:

Answer 25

Spinal cord, sensory neurons, and brain

Question 26

The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function.

Answer 29

- Microglia: cleans up cellular debris - Astrocytes: support and repair neurons - Schwann Cells: myelinates axons of the neurons in the PNS - Satellite: form the brain-blood barrier within the CNS

Question 30

The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy.

Answer 31

True

Question 32

When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Answer 32

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 33

Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved.

Answer 33

Insulin and glucagon work in a negative feedback loop to keep your blood glucose balanced. During digestion, carbohydrates from food you eat are converted into glucose which end up in your blood stream raising your blood glucose levels. This triggers a release of insulin, so your cells will take in glucose from your blood making your blood glucose levels go down. Some of the glucose is used for energy and some is stored as glycogen. When blood glucose is low, it triggers the production of glucagon which tells the body to take stored glycogen into glucose and release it into your bloodstream. This raises your blood glucose.

Question 34

Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved?

Answer 34

Osteoporosis can be caused by low testosterone in the ovaries. Is also linked to hyperthyroidism and hypopituaritism.

Question 35

What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body?

Answer 35

Stress releases epinephrine into your system triggering the fight or flight response of the SNS. The resulting changes in blood pressure and heart and breathing rates draws glucose from the liver and muscles, stopping glycogen production.

Question 36

Vitamin D is really a hormone.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline).

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Insulin is a ligand.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered to act by exposure to epinephrine.

Answer 39

False (Sympathetic Nervous System)

Question 40

Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen?

Answer 40

When blood glucose levels fall, the pancreas stops releasing insulin and cells switch to using glycogen and fats for energy.

Question 41

Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol

Answer 42

True

Question 43

Insulin is produced by alpha cells.

Answer 43

False (produced by islet cells from the pancreas)