Module 8.2

Question 1

What types of movements is the primary motor cortex necessary for?

Answer 1

voluntary movements

Question 2

What is the function of mirror neurons?

Answer 2

they allow people to imitate and observe others

Question 3

To what two processes do neurons in the posterior parietal cortex respond?

Answer 3

Planning movements and keeping track of the position of the body relative to the world

Question 4

What is the result of damage to the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 4

People with damage here can describe accurately what they see, but they have trouble converting perception into action

Question 5

Describe role of prefrontal cortex

Answer 5

responds to light, noises, and other signals for a movement and plans movements according to their probable outcomes

Question 6

Describe role of premotor cortex

Answer 6

preparations for movement

Question 7

Describe role of supplementary motor cortex

Answer 7

plans and organizes a rapid sequence of movements in a particular order

Question 8

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract begin?

Answer 8

primary motor cortex

Question 9

Where does the lateral corticospinal tract switch sides?

Answer 9

the bulges of the medulla (pyramids)

Question 10

Where does the medial corticospinal tract originate?

Answer 10

Cerebral cortex

Question 11

What movements are controlled by the lateral corticospinal tract?

Answer 11

movement of the arm muscles

Question 12

What movements are controlled by the medial corticospinal tract?

Answer 12

movement of the muscles of the neck, shoulders, and trunk

Question 13

What happens to the primary motor cortex during the first year of life?

Question 14

How is the primary motor cortex affected by cerebral palsy?

Answer 14

**

Question 15

What kinds of tasks are most impaired by damage to the cerebellum?

Answer 15

rapid movements that require accurate aim and timing

Question 16

What are saccades?

Answer 16

ballistic eye movements from one fixed point to another

Question 17

Describe the effect of cerebellar damage on the control of saccades.

Answer 17

Someone with cerebellar damage has difficult programming the angle and distance of eye movements.

Question 18

Why might a police officer use a finger-to-nose test to check for intoxication?

Answer 18

The cerebellum is used to complete the finger-to-nose test and the one of the first brain areas that alcohol affects is the cerebellum.

Question 19

Describe the relationship between Purkinje cells and parallel fibers.

Answer 19

The parallel fibers are perpendicular to the planes of the Purkinje cells

Question 20

What structures comprise the basal ganglia?

Answer 20

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

Question 21

Where does the input in the basal ganglia come from?

Answer 21

cerebral cortex

Question 22

Where does the output in the basal ganglia go?

Answer 22

globus pallidus (and then to the thalamus)

Question 23

Describe how the basal ganglia select movements.

Answer 23

by ceasing to inhibit it

Question 24

What types of movement are the basal ganglia most important for?

Answer 24

self-initiated behaviors