Chapter 9 & 10.3 Slides

Question 1

Stages 1 & 2 have ______ amplitude and _____ frequency

Answer 1

higher; lower

Question 2

Sleep spindles are activity between the ______ and _______

Answer 2

thalamus; cortex

Question 3

When an EEG shows high synchrony, you are ______.

Answer 3

asleep

Question 4

When an EEG shows low synchrony, you are _____.

Answer 4

awake

Question 5

High levels of Per and Tim cause ______.

Answer 5

sleepiness

Question 6

In stage 4, the thalamus stops sending sensation to ______ unless very important

Answer 6

cortex

Question 7

________ periods increase in length and frequency toward morning.

Answer 7

REM

Question 8

Stimulation of the __________ stimulates increases wakefulness/alertness

Answer 8

pontomesencephalon

Question 9

________ connects to basal forebrain which then sends “wake up” signals to the cortex (acetylcholine)

Answer 9

Pontomesencephalon

Question 10

The ________ is active when we want to learn/remember something important.

Answer 10

locus coeruleus

Question 11

The ________ projects to cortex and uses acetylcholine. Damage causes low arousal and poor learning.

Answer 11

basal forebrain

Question 12

The _______’s cells stimulate arousal by releasing the NTs histamine (waking up) & orexin (staying awake).

Answer 12

hypothalamus

Question 13

All day, cells in the ____________ release GABA and adenosine and this causes us to go to sleep.

Answer 13

basal forebrain

Question 14

caffeine inhibits ______

Answer 14

adenosine

Question 15

What is the main path of mechanisms that enable us to wake up?

Answer 15

High sensory info travels to reticular formation which releases acetylcholine into basal forebrain which sends more acetylcholine (excites) to cortex. Also the locus coeruleus releases norepinephrine and the hypothalamus releases histamine and orexin to the basal forebrain.

Question 16

What is the main path of the mechanisms that enable us to go to sleep?

Answer 16

Low sensory info goes to reticular formation (pontomsencephalon) then the basal forebrain that releases GABA and Adensosine that inhibit the cortex

Question 17

What brain areas increase activity during REM?

Answer 17

pons, limbic system, parietal and temporal cortex

Question 18

What brain areas decrease activity during REM?

Answer 18

V1, prefrontal cortex, motor cortex

Question 19

Increasing _____ increases REM; increasing _______ inhibits REM

Answer 19

acetylcholine; serotonin

Question 20

Stomach emptiness releases _____, the hunger hormone.

Answer 20

Ghrelin

Question 21

The top of the small intestine is called the _______.

Answer 21

duodenum

Question 22

The ________ releases CCK.

Answer 22

duodenum

Question 23

_____ causes sphincter muscle to close so stomach fills quickly and it also stimulates vagus nerve sending fullness signal to hypothalamus.

Answer 23

CCK

Question 24

The liver converts _____ into glucose.

Answer 24

glycogen

Question 25

_____ allows cells to use glucose or store glycogen.

Answer 25

Insulin

Question 26

______ stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose.

Answer 26

Glucagon

Question 27

When you eat, glucose and insulin go _____.

Answer 27

up

Question 28

Where is insulin made?

Answer 28

pancreas

Question 29

Obese people have a lot of _____, but are insensitive to it.

Answer 29

leptin

Question 30

_____ is a chemical that decreases hunger, increases immune system and reproductive hormones.

Answer 30

leptin

Question 31

What are the four important areas in hypothalamic regulation of eating?

Answer 31

lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and arcuate nucleus

Question 32

Where does the input for neurons in the arcuate nucleus that signal satiety come from?

Answer 32

Leptin, glucose, insulin, CCK

Question 33

Where does the input for neurons in the arcuate nucleus that signal hunger come from?

Answer 33

taste cells and ghrelin

Question 34

During REM sleep, the EEG shows:

Answer 34

irregular, low-voltage fast waves