Chapter 9 & 10.3 Slides Flashcards
Stages 1 & 2 have ______ amplitude and _____ frequency
higher; lower
Sleep spindles are activity between the ______ and _______
thalamus; cortex
When an EEG shows high synchrony, you are ______.
asleep
When an EEG shows low synchrony, you are _____.
awake
High levels of Per and Tim cause ______.
sleepiness
In stage 4, the thalamus stops sending sensation to ______ unless very important
cortex
________ periods increase in length and frequency toward morning.
REM
Stimulation of the __________ stimulates increases wakefulness/alertness
pontomesencephalon
________ connects to basal forebrain which then sends “wake up” signals to the cortex (acetylcholine)
Pontomesencephalon
The ________ is active when we want to learn/remember something important.
locus coeruleus
The ________ projects to cortex and uses acetylcholine. Damage causes low arousal and poor learning.
basal forebrain
The _______’s cells stimulate arousal by releasing the NTs histamine (waking up) & orexin (staying awake).
hypothalamus
All day, cells in the ____________ release GABA and adenosine and this causes us to go to sleep.
basal forebrain
caffeine inhibits ______
adenosine
What is the main path of mechanisms that enable us to wake up?
High sensory info travels to reticular formation which releases acetylcholine into basal forebrain which sends more acetylcholine (excites) to cortex. Also the locus coeruleus releases norepinephrine and the hypothalamus releases histamine and orexin to the basal forebrain.
What is the main path of the mechanisms that enable us to go to sleep?
Low sensory info goes to reticular formation (pontomsencephalon) then the basal forebrain that releases GABA and Adensosine that inhibit the cortex
What brain areas increase activity during REM?
pons, limbic system, parietal and temporal cortex
What brain areas decrease activity during REM?
V1, prefrontal cortex, motor cortex
Increasing _____ increases REM; increasing _______ inhibits REM
acetylcholine; serotonin
Stomach emptiness releases _____, the hunger hormone.
Ghrelin
The top of the small intestine is called the _______.
duodenum
The ________ releases CCK.
duodenum
_____ causes sphincter muscle to close so stomach fills quickly and it also stimulates vagus nerve sending fullness signal to hypothalamus.
CCK
The liver converts _____ into glucose.
glycogen
_____ allows cells to use glucose or store glycogen.
Insulin
______ stimulates liver to convert glycogen to glucose.
Glucagon
When you eat, glucose and insulin go _____.
up
Where is insulin made?
pancreas
Obese people have a lot of _____, but are insensitive to it.
leptin
_____ is a chemical that decreases hunger, increases immune system and reproductive hormones.
leptin
What are the four important areas in hypothalamic regulation of eating?
lateral hypothalamus, ventromedial hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, and arcuate nucleus
Where does the input for neurons in the arcuate nucleus that signal satiety come from?
Leptin, glucose, insulin, CCK
Where does the input for neurons in the arcuate nucleus that signal hunger come from?
taste cells and ghrelin
During REM sleep, the EEG shows:
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
