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Physiological Psychology > Module 2.1 > Flashcards

Module 2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Ramon y Cajal demonstrate?

A

That there are spaces between each neuron in our brains. This showed him that they are made up of individual cells.

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2
Q

List the major structures of animal cells.

A

Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes

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3
Q

What is the main function of the membrane?

A

to allow certain things into the cell and to keep others out

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4
Q

What is the main function of the nucleus?

A

houses chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the main function of the mitochondrion?

A

Provides energy for the cell

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6
Q

What is the main function of ribosomes?

A

creates proteins

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7
Q

What are the main subdivisions of the neuron?

A

Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminal
Soma (cell body)

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8
Q

What is the main function of dendrites?

A

receive info from other neurons

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9
Q

What is the main function of the soma?

A

house cell structures

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10
Q

What is the main function of axons?

A

sends messages to other neurons

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11
Q

What is the main function of the presynaptic terminal?

A

where axon releases chemical called neurotransmitters

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12
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

An insulation that surrounds some axons made of fats/proteins

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13
Q

What is the function of the presynaptic terminal (end bulb)?

A

to receive and send chemicals between neurons

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14
Q

What do the terms afferent and efferent mean?

A

Afferent means eceive info and efferent means send info

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15
Q

Can an axon be both afferent and efferent? Explain.

A

Yes it can because it is afferent to one structure (t receives info from it) and efferent to a different structure (because it send info to it).

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16
Q

What is an interneuron or intrinsic neuron?

A

A neuron whose dendrites and axons are completely enclosed in one structure

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17
Q

How do glial cells differ from neurons?

A

Glial cells divide like other body cells, while neurons are very limited in division. Also, they are smaller than neurons in size and there are more of them.

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18
Q

What are four functions of glia?

A
  1. Get rid of waste
  2. Support neurons
  3. Supply nutrients
  4. Separate neurons from each other
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19
Q

What are two functions of astrocytes?

A
  1. Provide nutrients to nervous tissue

2. Synchronize neuron activity

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20
Q

What do microglia do?

A

Get rid of wastes and protect against viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms (brain’s immune system)

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21
Q

What two kinds of glia form myelin sheaths?

A

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

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22
Q

What is the function of radial glia?

A

To guide migration and growth during development

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23
Q

Neurons look like

A

trees

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24
Q

The ______ _________ are doors that let things in and out or keep things out in the cell membrane.

A

protein channels

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25
Q

________ are the powerhouses of the cell

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

What does SAME mean?

A

Sensory (neurons) are afferent. Motor (neurons) are efferent.

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27
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A

neurons and glia

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28
Q

fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell

A

membrane

29
Q

contains DNA (genes)

A

nucleus

30
Q

provides energy using glucose, oxygen

A

mitochondria

31
Q

makes and transports proteins

A

ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum

32
Q

undeveloped neurons capable of dividing

A

stem cells

33
Q

Most brain cancer are what type of cells?

A

glia cells

34
Q

these send and receive info to other neurons using electrochemical impulses

A

neurons

35
Q

these type of cells are for chemical transfer and support

A

glia cells

36
Q

What are the two types of cells in the NS?

A

neurons and glia cells

37
Q

fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell

A

membrane

38
Q

contains DNA (genes)

A

nucleus

39
Q

provides energy using glucose, oxygen

A

mitochondria

40
Q

makes and transports proteins

A

ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum

41
Q

receives info from other neurons

A

dendrites

42
Q

sends info to other neuron

A

axon

43
Q

insulation made of fats/proteins, covers some axons

A

myelin sheath

44
Q

the spaces in between sections of sheath

A

nodes of ranvier

45
Q

where axon releases neurotransmitter

A

presynaptic terminal (end bulb)

46
Q

to bring info in

A

afferent

47
Q

to bring info out

A

efferent

48
Q

builds myelin around axons

A

oligodendrocytes

49
Q

guide migration and growth during development; convert to neurons and glia after development

A

radial glia

50
Q

the brain’s immune system

A

microglia

51
Q

undeveloped (undifferentiated) neurons capable of dividing

A

stem cells

52
Q

__________ are the powerhouses of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

53
Q

Most brain cancers are ____ cells.

A

glia

54
Q

tightly packed cells that keep most bacteria and viruses out of brain; keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain

A

blood-brain barrier

55
Q

pumps chemicals across blood-brain barrier

A

active transport system

56
Q

caused by brain damage bc of lack of B1 (thiamine) over time

A

Korsakoff’s syndrom

57
Q

During the resting potential, the inside of a neuron is _____

A

negative

58
Q

At rest, Na+ is more concentrated _____.

A

outside

59
Q

At rest, Cl- is more concentrated ______.

A

outside

60
Q

At rest, K+ is more concentrated _____

A

inside

61
Q

a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations

A

endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

the point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next

A

presynaptic terminal

63
Q

Every sensory neuron is an _______ to the rest of the nervous system , and every motor neuron is an _____ from the nervous system.

A

afferent; efferent

64
Q

What are the cells called that function as the brain’s immune system?

A

microglia

65
Q

a protein-mediated process that expands energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain

A

active transport

66
Q

Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier passively?

A

small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the blood-brain barrier passively. So do chemicals that dissolve in fats of the membrane.

67
Q

Which chemicals pass the blood-brain barrier by active transport?

A

glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins, and a few hormones

68
Q

Vertebrate neurons rely almost completely on _____ for nutrition.

A

glucose

Physiological Psychology (30 decks)

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