Module 2.1 Flashcards
What did Ramon y Cajal demonstrate?
That there are spaces between each neuron in our brains. This showed him that they are made up of individual cells.
List the major structures of animal cells.
Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
What is the main function of the membrane?
to allow certain things into the cell and to keep others out
What is the main function of the nucleus?
houses chromosomes
What is the main function of the mitochondrion?
Provides energy for the cell
What is the main function of ribosomes?
creates proteins
What are the main subdivisions of the neuron?
Dendrites
Axon
Presynaptic terminal
Soma (cell body)
What is the main function of dendrites?
receive info from other neurons
What is the main function of the soma?
house cell structures
What is the main function of axons?
sends messages to other neurons
What is the main function of the presynaptic terminal?
where axon releases chemical called neurotransmitters
What is the myelin sheath?
An insulation that surrounds some axons made of fats/proteins
What is the function of the presynaptic terminal (end bulb)?
to receive and send chemicals between neurons
What do the terms afferent and efferent mean?
Afferent means eceive info and efferent means send info
Can an axon be both afferent and efferent? Explain.
Yes it can because it is afferent to one structure (t receives info from it) and efferent to a different structure (because it send info to it).
What is an interneuron or intrinsic neuron?
A neuron whose dendrites and axons are completely enclosed in one structure
How do glial cells differ from neurons?
Glial cells divide like other body cells, while neurons are very limited in division. Also, they are smaller than neurons in size and there are more of them.
What are four functions of glia?
- Get rid of waste
- Support neurons
- Supply nutrients
- Separate neurons from each other
What are two functions of astrocytes?
- Provide nutrients to nervous tissue
2. Synchronize neuron activity
What do microglia do?
Get rid of wastes and protect against viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms (brain’s immune system)
What two kinds of glia form myelin sheaths?
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells
What is the function of radial glia?
To guide migration and growth during development
Neurons look like
trees
The ______ _________ are doors that let things in and out or keep things out in the cell membrane.
protein channels
________ are the powerhouses of the cell
Mitochondria
What does SAME mean?
Sensory (neurons) are afferent. Motor (neurons) are efferent.
What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?
neurons and glia
fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell
membrane
contains DNA (genes)
nucleus
provides energy using glucose, oxygen
mitochondria
makes and transports proteins
ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum
undeveloped neurons capable of dividing
stem cells
Most brain cancer are what type of cells?
glia cells
these send and receive info to other neurons using electrochemical impulses
neurons
these type of cells are for chemical transfer and support
glia cells
What are the two types of cells in the NS?
neurons and glia cells
fat surrounding cell; controls movement in and out of the cell
membrane
contains DNA (genes)
nucleus
provides energy using glucose, oxygen
mitochondria
makes and transports proteins
ribosomes/endoplasmic reticulum
receives info from other neurons
dendrites
sends info to other neuron
axon
insulation made of fats/proteins, covers some axons
myelin sheath
the spaces in between sections of sheath
nodes of ranvier
where axon releases neurotransmitter
presynaptic terminal (end bulb)
to bring info in
afferent
to bring info out
efferent
builds myelin around axons
oligodendrocytes
guide migration and growth during development; convert to neurons and glia after development
radial glia
the brain’s immune system
microglia
undeveloped (undifferentiated) neurons capable of dividing
stem cells
__________ are the powerhouses of the cell.
Mitochondria
Most brain cancers are ____ cells.
glia
tightly packed cells that keep most bacteria and viruses out of brain; keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain
blood-brain barrier
pumps chemicals across blood-brain barrier
active transport system
caused by brain damage bc of lack of B1 (thiamine) over time
Korsakoff’s syndrom
During the resting potential, the inside of a neuron is _____
negative
At rest, Na+ is more concentrated _____.
outside
At rest, Cl- is more concentrated ______.
outside
At rest, K+ is more concentrated _____
inside
a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations
endoplasmic reticulum
the point from which the axon releases chemicals that cross through the junction between one neuron and the next
presynaptic terminal
Every sensory neuron is an _______ to the rest of the nervous system , and every motor neuron is an _____ from the nervous system.
afferent; efferent
What are the cells called that function as the brain’s immune system?
microglia
a protein-mediated process that expands energy to pump chemicals from the blood into the brain
active transport
Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier passively?
small, uncharged molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the blood-brain barrier passively. So do chemicals that dissolve in fats of the membrane.
Which chemicals pass the blood-brain barrier by active transport?
glucose, amino acids, purines, choline, certain vitamins, and a few hormones
Vertebrate neurons rely almost completely on _____ for nutrition.
glucose
