Exam 2 Review Flashcards
The technique of ___________ uses the inherent rotation of atoms with odd-numbered atomic weights. A powerful magnetic field aligns the axes of rotation, which release electromagnetic energy as they relax. This technique has good _________ resolution.
MRI; spatial?
By using the ________ approach, researchers demonstrated that mice lacking the gene for _________ receptors did not respond to cocaine as reinforcement.
gene-knockout approach; dopamine
The method of recording brain activity that measures changes in hemoglobin molecules as they release oxygen in active brain areas is _______.
fMRI
Paul Broca discovered that loss of speech was frequently correlated with brain damage in the _______.
left frontal lobe
Different intensities and durations of magnetic fields can be used either to ________ or to __________ localized brain areas.
stimulate; inactivate
x-rays used to show brain structure
CAT scans
method of temporarily inactivating an area
intense, prolonged magnetic fields
method of stimulating a brain area
brief, moderate intensity magnetic fields
based on radioactive chemicals in most-active areas
PET scans
based on hemoglobin molecules releasing oxygen
fMRI
cell bodies of sensory neurons
dorsal root ganglia
exit through the ventral side of the spinal cord
motor axons
“flight or fight” system
sympathetic nervous system
contains “vital nuclei”
medulla
site of axons crossing to other side
pons
site of tectum and tegmentum
midbrain
relays info to cerbral cortex
thalamus
specializes in motivated behaviors, controls pituitary
hypothalamus
deals with movement, memory, emotional expression
basal ganglia
primary visual cortex
occipital lobe
primary audio cortex
temporal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex
parietal lobe
contains primary motor cortex
frontal lobe
Which is true concerning the spinal cord?
a. sensory neurons enter on the ventral side; motor neurons ext on the dorsal side
b. cell bodies of sensory neurons lie outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia
c. cell bodies of motor neurons lie outside the CNS in the ventral root ganglia
d. all of the above
cell bodies of sensory neurons lie outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia
The parasympathetic nervous system
is an energy-conserving system
Concerning the cranial nerves, nuclei for the first four nerves enter the _______ and ________; nuclei for the rest are in the medulla and pons
forebrain; midbrain
The hindbrain contains the ________________ and ______________.
reticular formation and raphe system
The medulla contains nuclei that control ___________
vital functions
The cerebellum contributes to
the control of movement, shifting of attention, and timing
The components of the midbrain include
a. the superior and inferior colliculi in the tectum, involved in sensory processing
b. the tegmentum, containing nuclei of the third and fourth cranial nerves, part of the reticular formation, and pathways connecting higher and lower structures
c. the substantia nigra, origin of a dopamine-containing pathway that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The limbic system is a _____________________ that are important for motivated and emotional behaviors
is a set of interlinked structures
The hypothalamus is important for
motivated behaviors and hormonal control
The basal ganglia are composed primarily of the
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Deterioration of the basal ganglia is associated with
Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and impaired movement
The hippocampus
a. controls breathing, heart rate, and other vital reflexes
b. provides the major control for the pituitary gland
c. is part of the basal ganglia
d. none of the above
d. none of the above
The thalamus contains
nuclei that project to particular areas of cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid
a. is formed by cells lining the four ventricles
b. flows from the later ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, and from there either to the central canal of the spinal cord or to the space between the brain and the meninges, where it is absorbed into the blood vessels
c. cushions the brain and provides buoyancy
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The laminae of the cortex consist of up to _______ layers, which vary in _______ across the various brain areas
six; thickness
Which of the following is true of cortical columns?
a. columns run parallel to the laminae, across the surface of the cortex
b. there are 6 columns in the human brain, and only one or two in other mammals
c. cells within a column have similar response properties
d. the properties of cells within a column change systematically from top to bottom; cells at the top may respond to one stimulus, while those at the bottom respond to a different one
c. cells within a column have similar response properties
Which is true of the occipital lobe?
a. it is located at the posterior end of the cortex and contains the primary visual cortex
b. it is located at the sides of the brain and is concerned mostly with perception of complex visual patterns
c. is located immediately behind the central sulcus and contains the postcentral gyrus
d. located at the top of the brain and contributes to somatosensory processing
a. it is located at the posterior end of the cortex and contains the primary visual cortex
Which is true of the parietal lobe?
a. it contains the primary receiving area for axons carrying touch sensations and other skin and muscle info
b. it has 4 bands on the postcentral gyrus that receive light-touch, deep-pressure, or both
c. it contributes to our sense of our body in space, relative to visual and auditory stimuli
d. all of the above are true
d. all of the above are true
The temporal lobe is involved in
some complex aspects of visual processing as well as auditory processing
Damage to the frontal lobe may cause
losses of initiative and of social inhibitions and produce difficulties with delayed response tasks
are synchronized waves of activity (30 to 80 per second) in various brain areas, which may reflect binding of sensory aspects into a unified perception
gamma waves
CAT scans use x-rays to describe ________ ________
brain structure
The two types of stroke are ___________ and ___________.
ischemia; hemorrhage
The area surrounding the direct damage from a stroke is called the
penumbra
Some potential means of lessening damage, if applied immediately after a stroke, are __________ and administration of __________ or ____________.
cooling the brain; cannabinoids; omega-3 fatty acids
____________ refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged. Two potential treatments for this condition are electrical stimulation of the _____________ and administration of _____ drugs during recovery
diaschisis; central thalamus; stimulant
Regrowth of axons in the central nervous system of mammals is impeded by ___________, the two sides pulling apart, and chemicals secreted by ______ that inhibit growth
scar tissue; glia
Visions has been partially restored in hamsters with severed optic nerves by building a ___________, which formed a path across a scar-filled gap
protein bridges
Denervation _______________ depends on increased receptors or efficacy of receptors
supersensitivity
Phantom limb sensations arise primarily because of ______________ of axons
collateral sprouting
consists of cerebral ventricles and spinal central canal
cavity of neural tube
discovered nerve growth factor
Rita Levi-Montaleini
programmed cell death
apoptosis
cell death due to injury or toxic chemical
necrosis
axons competing for synapses and survival
neural Darwinism
undifferentiated cells that can become neurons
stem cells
stroke by blood clot
ischemia
stroke caused by ruptured blood vessel
hemorrhagic
a cause of damage immediately after a stroke
overexcitatioin
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
diaschisis
The ________ arises from a pair of long thin lips that merge around a fluid-filled cavity
neural tube
The five major stages in the development of neurons, in order, are
proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelinaton, synaptogenesis
_________ and ___________ guide neuron migration
immunoglobulins and cytokines
Stem cells are
undifferentiated cells in the interior of the brain that generate daughter cells
When Paul Weiss grafted an extra leg onto a salamander
the extra leg moved in synchrony with the normal adjacent leg
Sperry’s work with the eyes of newts led him to conclude that
axons follow a chemical trail that places them in the general vicinity of their target
TOPdv is a
protein that is more concentrated in neurons of the dorsal retina and the ventral tectum than in the ventral retina and dorsal tectum
Neural Dawinism proposes that
synapses form somewhat randomly at first; those that work best are kept, while the others degenerate
Nerve growth factor is important for
the survival and growth of sympathetic neurons
Apoptosis is
the “suicide program” of the cell
Massive cell death early in development is
a normal result of unsuccessful competition for synapses and growth factors
Mental retardation can be caused by _______ ___________ in infants
thyroid deficiency
Fetal alcohol syndrome results in
hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects, and facial abnormalities
Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy have greater risk for:
attention-deficit disorder
aggressive behavior
impaired memory and intelligence
Environmental enrichment produces
greater dendritic branching and a thicker cortex
Which of the following is true?
a. After practice of specific skills, connections relevant to those skills proliferate, while other retract
b. physical activity can improve learning and memory
c. exercise can decrease the rate of decline in brain volume and activity in older people
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following is true?
a. professional musicians have a larger area in the right temporal lobe than do nonmusicians
b. exercise generates waste products that are harmful to neural survival
c. the occipital cortex in people who have been blind since infancy continues to be selective only to visual stimuli
d. all of the above are true
professional musicians have a larger area in the right temporal lobe than do nonmusicians
Which of the following is true?
a. the increase in representation of the left hand in the right postcentral gyrus of stringed instrument players is always beneficial
b. there was decreased thickness of grey matter in brain areas for hand control and vision in musicians, because those areas became totally devoted to auditory function
c. stressing a mother rat changes her behavior in ways that increase fearfullness in her offspring
d. none of the above
stressing a mother rat changes her behavior in ways that increase fearfulness in her offspring
The most common cause of brain damage in young adults is
a sharp blow to the head
Which of the following occurs in the penumbra around the area of direct damage from stroke?
a. Edema increases pressure on the brain and increases the probability of additional strokes
b. The combination of edema and impairment of the sodium-potassium pump results in glutamate release
c. Positive ions accumulate inside neurons, block metabolism in mitochondria and kill neurons
d. all of the above are true
d. all of the above are true
Damage from strokes may be minimized by
giving tissue plasminigen activator (tPA), if the stroke is due to ischemia
Stimulants administered after the first few days following a stroke improves recovery by reducing
diaschisis
Adequate regrowth of an axon does not occur of
the damaged axon is in the central nervous system of mammals
Research on regrowth of axons in mammals has shown that myelin in the ________, but not central, nervous system can help axons regenerate
peripheral
Sprouting
a. occurs only in response to traumatic brain damage
b. is always maladaptive, since the wrong axons make connections
c. may be adaptive if sprouts come from closely related axons
d. is enhanced by dopamine antagonists
may be adaptive if sprouts come from closely related axons
Denervation supersensitivity is the result of
an increased number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell and increased effectiveness of the receptors
After denervation of a monkey’s arm 12 years earlier,
neurons that had previously responded to it became responsive to stimuli in the face
Research on recovery from brain damage has shown that recovery can occur when
an individual is forced to make full use of remaining capabilities
What are the two parts of the central nervous system?
spinal cord and brain
Together the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system make up the _________ nervous system.
peripheral
The parasympathetic nervous system has long __________ and short ________ axons.
preganglionic; postganglionic
The pons acts as a bridge between:
one side of the central nervous system to the other
The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the:
prefrontal cortex
When Sperry cut a newt’s optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon:
regenerated to the area where it had originally been.
The function of neurotrophins is to:
promote survival of axons.
What brain abnormalities are found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
short dendrites with few branches
