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Physiological Psychology > Exam 2 Review > Flashcards

Exam 2 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

The technique of ___________ uses the inherent rotation of atoms with odd-numbered atomic weights. A powerful magnetic field aligns the axes of rotation, which release electromagnetic energy as they relax. This technique has good _________ resolution.

A

MRI; spatial?

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2
Q

By using the ________ approach, researchers demonstrated that mice lacking the gene for _________ receptors did not respond to cocaine as reinforcement.

A

gene-knockout approach; dopamine

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3
Q

The method of recording brain activity that measures changes in hemoglobin molecules as they release oxygen in active brain areas is _______.

A

fMRI

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4
Q

Paul Broca discovered that loss of speech was frequently correlated with brain damage in the _______.

A

left frontal lobe

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5
Q

Different intensities and durations of magnetic fields can be used either to ________ or to __________ localized brain areas.

A

stimulate; inactivate

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6
Q

x-rays used to show brain structure

A

CAT scans

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7
Q

method of temporarily inactivating an area

A

intense, prolonged magnetic fields

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8
Q

method of stimulating a brain area

A

brief, moderate intensity magnetic fields

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9
Q

based on radioactive chemicals in most-active areas

A

PET scans

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10
Q

based on hemoglobin molecules releasing oxygen

A

fMRI

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11
Q

cell bodies of sensory neurons

A

dorsal root ganglia

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12
Q

exit through the ventral side of the spinal cord

A

motor axons

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13
Q

“flight or fight” system

A

sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

contains “vital nuclei”

A

medulla

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15
Q

site of axons crossing to other side

A

pons

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16
Q

site of tectum and tegmentum

A

midbrain

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17
Q

relays info to cerbral cortex

A

thalamus

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18
Q

specializes in motivated behaviors, controls pituitary

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

deals with movement, memory, emotional expression

A

basal ganglia

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20
Q

primary visual cortex

A

occipital lobe

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21
Q

primary audio cortex

A

temporal lobe

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22
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

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23
Q

contains primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe

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24
Q

Which is true concerning the spinal cord?

a. sensory neurons enter on the ventral side; motor neurons ext on the dorsal side
b. cell bodies of sensory neurons lie outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia
c. cell bodies of motor neurons lie outside the CNS in the ventral root ganglia
d. all of the above

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons lie outside the CNS in the dorsal root ganglia

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25
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system

A

is an energy-conserving system

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26
Q

Concerning the cranial nerves, nuclei for the first four nerves enter the _______ and ________; nuclei for the rest are in the medulla and pons

A

forebrain; midbrain

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27
Q

The hindbrain contains the ________________ and ______________.

A

reticular formation and raphe system

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28
Q

The medulla contains nuclei that control ___________

A

vital functions

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29
Q

The cerebellum contributes to

A

the control of movement, shifting of attention, and timing

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30
Q

The components of the midbrain include

a. the superior and inferior colliculi in the tectum, involved in sensory processing
b. the tegmentum, containing nuclei of the third and fourth cranial nerves, part of the reticular formation, and pathways connecting higher and lower structures
c. the substantia nigra, origin of a dopamine-containing pathway that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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31
Q

The limbic system is a _____________________ that are important for motivated and emotional behaviors

A

is a set of interlinked structures

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32
Q

The hypothalamus is important for

A

motivated behaviors and hormonal control

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33
Q

The basal ganglia are composed primarily of the

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

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34
Q

Deterioration of the basal ganglia is associated with

A

Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and impaired movement

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35
Q

The hippocampus

a. controls breathing, heart rate, and other vital reflexes
b. provides the major control for the pituitary gland
c. is part of the basal ganglia
d. none of the above

A

d. none of the above

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36
Q

The thalamus contains

A

nuclei that project to particular areas of cerebral cortex

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37
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

a. is formed by cells lining the four ventricles
b. flows from the later ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, and from there either to the central canal of the spinal cord or to the space between the brain and the meninges, where it is absorbed into the blood vessels
c. cushions the brain and provides buoyancy
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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38
Q

The laminae of the cortex consist of up to _______ layers, which vary in _______ across the various brain areas

A

six; thickness

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39
Q

Which of the following is true of cortical columns?

a. columns run parallel to the laminae, across the surface of the cortex
b. there are 6 columns in the human brain, and only one or two in other mammals
c. cells within a column have similar response properties
d. the properties of cells within a column change systematically from top to bottom; cells at the top may respond to one stimulus, while those at the bottom respond to a different one

A

c. cells within a column have similar response properties

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40
Q

Which is true of the occipital lobe?

a. it is located at the posterior end of the cortex and contains the primary visual cortex
b. it is located at the sides of the brain and is concerned mostly with perception of complex visual patterns
c. is located immediately behind the central sulcus and contains the postcentral gyrus
d. located at the top of the brain and contributes to somatosensory processing

A

a. it is located at the posterior end of the cortex and contains the primary visual cortex

41
Q

Which is true of the parietal lobe?

a. it contains the primary receiving area for axons carrying touch sensations and other skin and muscle info
b. it has 4 bands on the postcentral gyrus that receive light-touch, deep-pressure, or both
c. it contributes to our sense of our body in space, relative to visual and auditory stimuli
d. all of the above are true

A

d. all of the above are true

42
Q

The temporal lobe is involved in

A

some complex aspects of visual processing as well as auditory processing

43
Q

Damage to the frontal lobe may cause

A

losses of initiative and of social inhibitions and produce difficulties with delayed response tasks

44
Q

are synchronized waves of activity (30 to 80 per second) in various brain areas, which may reflect binding of sensory aspects into a unified perception

A

gamma waves

45
Q

CAT scans use x-rays to describe ________ ________

A

brain structure

46
Q

The two types of stroke are ___________ and ___________.

A

ischemia; hemorrhage

47
Q

The area surrounding the direct damage from a stroke is called the

A

penumbra

48
Q

Some potential means of lessening damage, if applied immediately after a stroke, are __________ and administration of __________ or ____________.

A

cooling the brain; cannabinoids; omega-3 fatty acids

49
Q

____________ refers to the decreased activity of surviving neurons after other neurons are damaged. Two potential treatments for this condition are electrical stimulation of the _____________ and administration of _____ drugs during recovery

A

diaschisis; central thalamus; stimulant

50
Q

Regrowth of axons in the central nervous system of mammals is impeded by ___________, the two sides pulling apart, and chemicals secreted by ______ that inhibit growth

A

scar tissue; glia

51
Q

Visions has been partially restored in hamsters with severed optic nerves by building a ___________, which formed a path across a scar-filled gap

A

protein bridges

52
Q

Denervation _______________ depends on increased receptors or efficacy of receptors

A

supersensitivity

53
Q

Phantom limb sensations arise primarily because of ______________ of axons

A

collateral sprouting

54
Q

consists of cerebral ventricles and spinal central canal

A

cavity of neural tube

55
Q

discovered nerve growth factor

A

Rita Levi-Montaleini

56
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

57
Q

cell death due to injury or toxic chemical

A

necrosis

58
Q

axons competing for synapses and survival

A

neural Darwinism

59
Q

undifferentiated cells that can become neurons

A

stem cells

60
Q

stroke by blood clot

A

ischemia

61
Q

stroke caused by ruptured blood vessel

A

hemorrhagic

62
Q

a cause of damage immediately after a stroke

A

overexcitatioin

63
Q

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

A

diaschisis

64
Q

The ________ arises from a pair of long thin lips that merge around a fluid-filled cavity

A

neural tube

65
Q

The five major stages in the development of neurons, in order, are

A

proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelinaton, synaptogenesis

66
Q

_________ and ___________ guide neuron migration

A

immunoglobulins and cytokines

67
Q

Stem cells are

A

undifferentiated cells in the interior of the brain that generate daughter cells

68
Q

When Paul Weiss grafted an extra leg onto a salamander

A

the extra leg moved in synchrony with the normal adjacent leg

69
Q

Sperry’s work with the eyes of newts led him to conclude that

A

axons follow a chemical trail that places them in the general vicinity of their target

70
Q

TOPdv is a

A

protein that is more concentrated in neurons of the dorsal retina and the ventral tectum than in the ventral retina and dorsal tectum

71
Q

Neural Dawinism proposes that

A

synapses form somewhat randomly at first; those that work best are kept, while the others degenerate

72
Q

Nerve growth factor is important for

A

the survival and growth of sympathetic neurons

73
Q

Apoptosis is

A

the “suicide program” of the cell

74
Q

Massive cell death early in development is

A

a normal result of unsuccessful competition for synapses and growth factors

75
Q

Mental retardation can be caused by _______ ___________ in infants

A

thyroid deficiency

76
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome results in

A

hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects, and facial abnormalities

77
Q

Children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy have greater risk for:

A

attention-deficit disorder
aggressive behavior
impaired memory and intelligence

78
Q

Environmental enrichment produces

A

greater dendritic branching and a thicker cortex

79
Q

Which of the following is true?

a. After practice of specific skills, connections relevant to those skills proliferate, while other retract
b. physical activity can improve learning and memory
c. exercise can decrease the rate of decline in brain volume and activity in older people
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

80
Q

Which of the following is true?

a. professional musicians have a larger area in the right temporal lobe than do nonmusicians
b. exercise generates waste products that are harmful to neural survival
c. the occipital cortex in people who have been blind since infancy continues to be selective only to visual stimuli
d. all of the above are true

A

professional musicians have a larger area in the right temporal lobe than do nonmusicians

81
Q

Which of the following is true?

a. the increase in representation of the left hand in the right postcentral gyrus of stringed instrument players is always beneficial
b. there was decreased thickness of grey matter in brain areas for hand control and vision in musicians, because those areas became totally devoted to auditory function
c. stressing a mother rat changes her behavior in ways that increase fearfullness in her offspring
d. none of the above

A

stressing a mother rat changes her behavior in ways that increase fearfulness in her offspring

82
Q

The most common cause of brain damage in young adults is

A

a sharp blow to the head

83
Q

Which of the following occurs in the penumbra around the area of direct damage from stroke?

a. Edema increases pressure on the brain and increases the probability of additional strokes
b. The combination of edema and impairment of the sodium-potassium pump results in glutamate release
c. Positive ions accumulate inside neurons, block metabolism in mitochondria and kill neurons
d. all of the above are true

A

d. all of the above are true

84
Q

Damage from strokes may be minimized by

A

giving tissue plasminigen activator (tPA), if the stroke is due to ischemia

85
Q

Stimulants administered after the first few days following a stroke improves recovery by reducing

A

diaschisis

86
Q

Adequate regrowth of an axon does not occur of

A

the damaged axon is in the central nervous system of mammals

87
Q

Research on regrowth of axons in mammals has shown that myelin in the ________, but not central, nervous system can help axons regenerate

A

peripheral

88
Q

Sprouting

a. occurs only in response to traumatic brain damage
b. is always maladaptive, since the wrong axons make connections
c. may be adaptive if sprouts come from closely related axons
d. is enhanced by dopamine antagonists

A

may be adaptive if sprouts come from closely related axons

89
Q

Denervation supersensitivity is the result of

A

an increased number of receptors on the postsynaptic cell and increased effectiveness of the receptors

90
Q

After denervation of a monkey’s arm 12 years earlier,

A

neurons that had previously responded to it became responsive to stimuli in the face

91
Q

Research on recovery from brain damage has shown that recovery can occur when

A

an individual is forced to make full use of remaining capabilities

92
Q

What are the two parts of the central nervous system?

A

spinal cord and brain

93
Q

Together the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system make up the _________ nervous system.

A

peripheral

94
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system has long __________ and short ________ axons.

A

preganglionic; postganglionic

95
Q

The pons acts as a bridge between:

A

one side of the central nervous system to the other

96
Q

The only area of the cerebral cortex known to receive input from ALL sensory modalities is the:

A

prefrontal cortex

97
Q

When Sperry cut a newt’s optic nerve and rotated the eye by 180 degrees, each axon:

A

regenerated to the area where it had originally been.

98
Q

The function of neurotrophins is to:

A

promote survival of axons.

99
Q

What brain abnormalities are found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

short dendrites with few branches

Physiological Psychology (30 decks)

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