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BIOL 130 > Module 8 (Photosynthesis) > Flashcards

Module 8 (Photosynthesis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

The conversion of light energy to chemical energy

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2
Q

What is the energy yield of photosynthesis in the form of carbohydrates?

A

4% of light energy is converted into carbohydrates

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3
Q

Photic zone

A

The area in the ocean where photosynthesis can still occur

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4
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A
  • Light capture
  • Carbon fixation
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5
Q

Reduction in photosynthesis

A

CO2 is reduced to form carbohydrate molecules

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6
Q

Oxidation in photosynthesis

A

Water is oxidized to form oxygen and hydrogen ions, electrons are taken in

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7
Q

Thylakoid

A

Flattened membrane sacs in the chloroplast

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8
Q

Lumen

A

Space inside the thylakoid membrane (fluid filled)

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9
Q

Grana

A

Orderly stacks of thylakoids

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10
Q

Stroma

A

Space surrounding thylakoids
(location of carbon fixation)

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11
Q

Light dependent reactions

A

Sunlight energy converted into chemical energy, produces ATP and NADPH

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12
Q

Light -independent reaction

A

ATP and NADPH used to synthesize carbohydrates (occurs in stroma)

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13
Q

How is light absorbed?

A

When photons are absorbed, the compound is converted to a higher-energy state, transfers energy to another molecule

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14
Q

Chromophore

A

Chemical group capable of absorbing light of wavelengths

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15
Q

Why are plants green?

A

Because the pigment chlorophyll isn’t good at absorbing green wavelengths of light (absorbs red and blue)

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16
Q

Parts of chlorophyll

A

Porphyrin ring (light absorption)
Phytol side chain (side chain with hydrophobic properties, for inserting chlorophyll into thylakoid membrane)

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17
Q

Accessory pigments

A

Found in thylakoid membrane, absorb light from regions of the visible spectrum that are poorly absorbed by chlorophyll

18
Q

Reaction center

A

A pair of chlorophyll molecules that receives the passed energy (NOT ELECTRONS)

19
Q

Electron acceptor

A

Reaction center chlorophyll passes an electron to an electron acceptor

20
Q

Photosystem II is also known as…

A

PSII

21
Q

Photosystem I is also known as…

A

PSI

22
Q

Photosynthetic electron transport chain

A

Drives the formation of ATP and NADPH

23
Q

Z scheme

A

Energy trajectory of photosynthetic electron transport

24
Q

Flow of electrons (in photosynthesis)

A

H2O->PSII->PSI->NADP+

25
Q

Proton gradient in photosynthesis

A

Created as electrons flow along Z pathway
- High in lumen, low in stroma

26
Q

ATP produced in the chloroplast…

A

Stays in the chloroplast

27
Q

Plastoquinone

A

Carries electrons from PSII to cytochrome b6f complex

28
Q

Plastocyanin

A

Carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to PSI by diffusing through the thylakoid lumen

29
Q

Cytochrome b6f complex

A

Protein that electrons pass through between PSII and PSI

30
Q

NADP+ reductase

A

Takes the electron from the photosynthetic transport chain and converts NADP+ to NADPH

31
Q

Purpose of Calvin Cycle

A

Takes a low potential energy carbon compound (CO2) and converts it into a higher-energy carbon compound

32
Q

Three steps of calvin cycle

A

Carboxylation, Reduction, Regeneration

33
Q

Carboxylation

A

First step of carbon fixation
- CO2 is reacted with RuBP to form a 6 carbon molecule (catalyzed by rubisco), which is then broken down into two PGA molecules (3C)

34
Q

Reduction

Carbon Fixation

A

PGA is phosphorylated by ATP to produce triose phosphates, which are then reduced by NADPH and only one can leave the calvin cycle

35
Q

RuBP

A

Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate

36
Q

Regeneration

A

Five triose phosphate molecules are used to regenerate RuBP using the input of ATP, produces three RuBP to be used in carboxylation

37
Q

Excess carbohydrates in a plant produced from the calvin cycle is converted into storage….

A

As starch

38
Q

Two possible possibilities of evolution to produce two photosystems

A

Horizontal gene transfer and gene duplication (and divergence)

39
Q

Horizontal gene transfer

A

Passing along genetic information from one cyanobacterium to another

40
Q

Gene duplication and divergence

A

PSII duplicates and then diverges (one becomes PSI)

BIOL 130 (10 decks)

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