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BIOL 130 > Module 2 (Molecules of Life) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Molecules of Life) Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • A macromolecule made up of C, H, and O, usually in ratio of 1:2:1
    • Structural molecules (e.g. cellulose)
  • Major source of energy
  • Simpliest are saccharides
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2
Q

Glucose

A

Product of Photosynthesis
(contains aldehyde group)

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3
Q

Galactose

A

Found in dairy products
(contains aldehyde group)

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4
Q

Fructose

A

Commercial sweetener
(contains ketone group)

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5
Q

How do cyclic monosaccharides form?

A

The carbon in the aldehyde or ketone forms a covalent bond with the oxygen of the hydroxyl group

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6
Q

What are glycosidic bonds?

A

Covalent linkages between monosaccharides

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7
Q

How are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

By the linkage between C1 of one monosaccharide and the -OH group on the carbon of a different monosaccharide

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8
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

A few monosaccharides joined

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9
Q

What happens when more than ten monosaccharides join together?

A

Formation of polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are the main functions of polysaccharides?

A

Long term energy storage (starch and glycogen) or structural support (cellulose)

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

Large, branched chain of glucose molecules attached to a central protein

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12
Q

Starch

A

Large, branched chain of glucose molecules found in plants

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13
Q

Lipids

A

Only macromolecule that is not a polymer
They are all hydrophobic

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14
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, used for energy storage

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15
Q

What is the chemical structure of steroids?

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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16
Q

How are steroids derived?

A

They are hydrophobic and derived from cholesterol

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of cell membranes, acts like a “buffer” for membrane fluidity

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18
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol backnone attached to a polar phospahte group (hydrophilic), attached to two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Overall amphipathic

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19
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

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20
Q

What are the functions of cell membranes?

A

Compartmentalization, are selectively permeable, Transporting solutes, Scaffold for biochemical activities, responds to external signals, intercellular interaction, energy transduction

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21
Q

Micelles

A

Form when phospholipids have a large head and one hydrophobic tail. Form spheres.

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22
Q

Liposomes

A

Phospholipids that are arranged in a bilayer and enclose an inner space.

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23
Q

How does the length of the fatty acid tail affect the fluidity of a membrane?

A

The longer the tails, the less fluid the membrane is

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24
Q

How does the presence of C-C double bonds affect the fluidity of a membrane?

A

The less double bonds present, the less fluid the membrane is

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25
Q

How does cholesterol impact a cell membrane?

A

It inserts into the lipid bilayer of animal cell membranes and can increase or decrease fluidity depending on the temperature.

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26
Q

Lipid Rafts

A

Lipids move in the plane of the membrane, and may be found in discrete regions.

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27
Q

Membrane Transporters

A

Move ions and molecules

28
Q

Membrane Receptors

A

Allow the cell to receive signals

29
Q

Enzymes

A

Can be found in cell membranes, catalyze chemical reactions

30
Q

Anchors

A

Attach to other proteins

31
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

Proteins that are permanently associated with the membrane and can span up to the entire lipid bilayer

32
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

Temporarily associate with the membrane or with integral proteins. Also can be either cytoplasmic or extracellular.

33
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Describes the fluidity of the lipid bilayer, but also the mosaic of different types of molecules

34
Q

Can move across the bilayer

A

Small molecules (ex O2 and CO2) and nonpolar molecules, small uncharged molecules (H2O)

35
Q

Orbital

A

The space around a nucleus of an atom that an electron is likely to be found in

36
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons that are found in the outermost orbitals of an atom

37
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

When electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally, ex. in water

38
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

A

When electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally ex. Methane

39
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Where one atom in a bond “steals” an electron from the other (significant difference in electronegativity)
- Charge difference
- The reason why salts dissociate in water

40
Q

Hydrophilic

A

“water loving”, polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water

41
Q

Hydrophobic

A

“water fearing”, nonpolar, does not form hydrogen bonds with water

42
Q

pH

A

The concentration of H+ ions in a solution

43
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form?

A

Carbon can form 4 bonds

44
Q

Organic Molecules

A

Contain carbon

45
Q

Proteins

A

Provide structural support and assist chemical reactions by acting as catalysts

46
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Encode and transmit genetic information

47
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Provide structural support for many organisms and are a source of energy

48
Q

Lipids

A

Make up cell membranes, store energy, important in cell communication

49
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

Requires energy, releases water
- Synthesizing polymers from monomers with covalent bonds

50
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

Uses water as a reactant to break apart a polymer (splits the water molecule), releases energy

51
Q

Amino group

A

-NH2
Found in amino acids and proteins, positive at physiological pH

52
Q

Amide group

A

-C(=O)NH
Found in proteins

53
Q

Carboxyl groups

A

-COOH
Negatively charged at physiological pH, found in fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins

54
Q

Phosphate

A

-OPO3H2
Negatively charged at physiological pH, found in phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

55
Q

Functions of Proteins

A
  • Act as enzymes
  • Aid in transport (across cell membranes)
  • Role in cell signalling/regulation (hormones)
  • Movement (contractile proteins, flagella, motor proteins)
  • Support (cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix)
  • Defense (antibodies, complement proteins)
56
Q

Polypeptides

A

Amino acids that are covalently linked, linear polymers

57
Q

Structure of an amino acid

A

Central (alpha) carbon
- Carboxyl group (-COOH)
- Amino group (-NH2)
- Hydrogen
- R group

58
Q

Zwitterion

A

A molecule with both + and - charges

59
Q

Peptide bond

A

Amino acids are joined together, covalent
- Carboxyl group releases an O, amino group loses 2H, that produces H2O

60
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

There are 20 different amino acids, 9 essential out of those

61
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid
- The genetic material in all cellular organisms
- Contains information used to direct protein synthesis

62
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid
- Multiple functions -> protein synthesis and gene regulation

63
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

Also known as cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, signal molecules within cells

64
Q

Phosphodiester bond

A

Covalent linkage between the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar unit’s 3’ OH
- Establishes directionality of the strand

65
Q

Antiparallel

A

Describes the direction of the DNA strands, traveling parallel but against each other

BIOL 130 (10 decks)

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