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BIOL 130 > Module 2 (Molecules of Life) > Flashcards

Module 2 (Molecules of Life) Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • A macromolecule made up of C, H, and O, usually in ratio of 1:2:1
    • Structural molecules (e.g. cellulose)
  • Major source of energy
  • Simpliest are saccharides
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2
Q

Glucose

A

Product of Photosynthesis
(contains aldehyde group)

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3
Q

Galactose

A

Found in dairy products
(contains aldehyde group)

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4
Q

Fructose

A

Commercial sweetener
(contains ketone group)

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5
Q

How do cyclic monosaccharides form?

A

The carbon in the aldehyde or ketone forms a covalent bond with the oxygen of the hydroxyl group

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6
Q

What are glycosidic bonds?

A

Covalent linkages between monosaccharides

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7
Q

How are glycosidic bonds formed?

A

By the linkage between C1 of one monosaccharide and the -OH group on the carbon of a different monosaccharide

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8
Q

Oligosaccharides

A

A few monosaccharides joined

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9
Q

What happens when more than ten monosaccharides join together?

A

Formation of polysaccharides

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10
Q

What are the main functions of polysaccharides?

A

Long term energy storage (starch and glycogen) or structural support (cellulose)

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11
Q

Glycogen

A

Large, branched chain of glucose molecules attached to a central protein

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12
Q

Starch

A

Large, branched chain of glucose molecules found in plants

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13
Q

Lipids

A

Only macromolecule that is not a polymer
They are all hydrophobic

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14
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, used for energy storage

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15
Q

What is the chemical structure of steroids?

A

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

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16
Q

How are steroids derived?

A

They are hydrophobic and derived from cholesterol

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

Component of cell membranes, acts like a “buffer” for membrane fluidity

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18
Q

Phospholipids

A

Glycerol backnone attached to a polar phospahte group (hydrophilic), attached to two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
Overall amphipathic

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19
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates

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20
Q

What are the functions of cell membranes?

A

Compartmentalization, are selectively permeable, Transporting solutes, Scaffold for biochemical activities, responds to external signals, intercellular interaction, energy transduction

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21
Q

Micelles

A

Form when phospholipids have a large head and one hydrophobic tail. Form spheres.

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22
Q

Liposomes

A

Phospholipids that are arranged in a bilayer and enclose an inner space.

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23
Q

How does the length of the fatty acid tail affect the fluidity of a membrane?

A

The longer the tails, the less fluid the membrane is

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24
Q

How does the presence of C-C double bonds affect the fluidity of a membrane?

A

The less double bonds present, the less fluid the membrane is

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25
How does cholesterol impact a cell membrane?
It inserts into the lipid bilayer of animal cell membranes and can increase or decrease fluidity depending on the temperature.
26
Lipid Rafts
Lipids move in the plane of the membrane, and may be found in discrete regions.
27
Membrane Transporters
Move ions and molecules
28
Membrane Receptors
Allow the cell to receive signals
29
Enzymes
Can be found in cell membranes, catalyze chemical reactions
30
Anchors
Attach to other proteins
31
Integral Membrane Proteins
Proteins that are permanently associated with the membrane and can span up to the entire lipid bilayer
32
Peripheral Membrane Proteins
Temporarily associate with the membrane or with integral proteins. Also can be either cytoplasmic or extracellular.
33
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes the fluidity of the lipid bilayer, but also the mosaic of different types of molecules
34
Can move across the bilayer
Small molecules (ex O2 and CO2) and nonpolar molecules, small uncharged molecules (H2O)
35
Orbital
The space around a nucleus of an atom that an electron is likely to be found in
36
Valence Electrons
Electrons that are found in the outermost orbitals of an atom
37
Polar Covalent Bonds
When electrons in a covalent bond are shared unequally, ex. in water
38
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds
When electrons in a covalent bond are shared equally ex. Methane
39
Ionic bonds
Where one atom in a bond "steals" an electron from the other (significant difference in electronegativity) - Charge difference - The reason why salts dissociate in water
40
Hydrophilic
"water loving", polar, forms hydrogen bonds with water
41
Hydrophobic
"water fearing", nonpolar, does not form hydrogen bonds with water
42
pH
The concentration of H+ ions in a solution
43
How many bonds can Carbon form?
Carbon can form 4 bonds
44
Organic Molecules
Contain carbon
45
Proteins
Provide structural support and assist chemical reactions by acting as catalysts
46
Nucleic acids
Encode and transmit genetic information
47
Carbohydrates
Provide structural support for many organisms and are a source of energy
48
Lipids
Make up cell membranes, store energy, important in cell communication
49
Condensation Reaction
Requires energy, releases water - Synthesizing polymers from monomers with covalent bonds
50
Hydrolysis Reaction
Uses water as a reactant to break apart a polymer (splits the water molecule), releases energy
51
Amino group
-NH2 Found in amino acids and proteins, positive at physiological pH
52
Amide group
-C(=O)NH Found in proteins
53
Carboxyl groups
-COOH Negatively charged at physiological pH, found in fatty acids, amino acids, and proteins
54
Phosphate
-OPO3H2 Negatively charged at physiological pH, found in phospholipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
55
Functions of Proteins
* Act as enzymes * Aid in transport (across cell membranes) * Role in cell signalling/regulation (hormones) * Movement (contractile proteins, flagella, motor proteins) * Support (cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix) * Defense (antibodies, complement proteins)
56
Polypeptides
Amino acids that are covalently linked, linear polymers
57
Structure of an amino acid
Central (alpha) carbon - Carboxyl group (-COOH) - Amino group (-NH2) - Hydrogen - R group
58
Zwitterion
A molecule with both + and - charges
59
Peptide bond
Amino acids are joined together, covalent - Carboxyl group releases an O, amino group loses 2H, that produces H2O
60
How many different amino acids are there?
There are 20 different amino acids, 9 essential out of those
61
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid - The genetic material in all cellular organisms - Contains information used to direct protein synthesis
62
RNA
Ribonucleic acid - Multiple functions -> protein synthesis and gene regulation
63
Cyclic AMP
Also known as cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, signal molecules within cells
64
Phosphodiester bond
Covalent linkage between the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar unit's 3' OH - Establishes directionality of the strand
65
Antiparallel
Describes the direction of the DNA strands, traveling parallel but against each other

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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