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BIOL 130 > Module 4 (Nucleic Acids and Information Flow) > Flashcards

Module 4 (Nucleic Acids and Information Flow) Flashcards

1
Q

Function of DNA

A

Storing genetic information, copying itself to transmit the genetic information from one generation to the next

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2
Q

F. Griffith (1928)

A

Made experiment where a dead virulent bacteria mixed with live bacteria that was non-virulent transformed harmless bacteria into harmful bacteria.

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3
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

What type of bacteria did F. Griffith use?

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4
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

A

Determined that DNA was responsible for the transfer of genetic information

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5
Q

Deoxyribose

A

2’ carbon “minus oxygen”
Component of DNA

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6
Q

Nucleoside

A

Base and a sugar

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7
Q

Nucleotide

A

Base, sugar and phosphate

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8
Q

What contributes to the stability of DNA?

A

Hydrogen bonds, and base stacking

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9
Q

Replication

A

How DNA copies itself to pass along genetic information to the next generation

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10
Q

Fidelity

A

The degree of exactness with which something is copied

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11
Q

Parental Strands

A

The original DNA strand

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12
Q

Daughter strand

A

The strand of DNA that is newly replicated from an existing template strand of DNA

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13
Q

Reverse Transcriptase

A

Catalyzes the reaction of RNA to DNA

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14
Q

Polarity

A

Difference between two ends of strands of DNA

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15
Q

Bases can only be added to __________ on the sugar

A

3’ Carbon

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16
Q

DNA is synthesized in a _______ direction

A

5’-3’

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17
Q

Watson and Crick

A

Used other researcher’s data to create a 3D model of DNA

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18
Q

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

A

Used x-ray crystallography to study DNA structure

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19
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

Discovered that DNA composition varies, but the amount of adenine is always the same as thymine and the amount of cytosine is always the same as guanine.

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20
Q

Base stacking

A

Stabilizing hydrophobic interactions between bases in the same strand of DNA. (non-polar)

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21
Q

Hydrogen bonds in DNA

A

Create stability in the DNA molecule in numbers

22
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

23
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

RNA -> DNA
RNA template for the synthesis of DNA

24
Q

Gene

A

“The unit of heredity affecting one or more traits of an organism; the DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein”

25
Q

Gene expression

A

The production of a functional gene produce, such as a protein, is regulated

26
Q

Nucleus

A

Transcription occurs here in eukaryotes

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Where transcription occurs in Prokaryotic cells

28
Q

The 5’ end of a RNA strand

A

A triphosphate

29
Q

Why is RNA less stable?

A

The -OH group on 2’ Carbon on RNA makes it easier to break down

30
Q

Transcription

A

Copying a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence

31
Q

Why does RNA break down easier?

A

Because of the OH group on the 2’ carbon, it makes it susceptible to hydrolysis.

32
Q

5’ of RNA is ….

A

Typically a triphosphate

33
Q

5’ end of DNA is …

A

Typically a monophosphate

34
Q

Hairpin Turn

A

The folding of RNA, where RNA bases interact with each other
ex. tRNA

35
Q

What is the difference between Uracil and Thymine?

A

Uracil has a hydrogen where Thymine has a methyl (-CH3) group

36
Q

What is needed for transcription to occur?

A
  • A DNA template
  • RNA polymerase (enzyme)
37
Q

Stages of Transciption

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

38
Q

Where is Transcription initiated?

A

The promoter sequence

39
Q

TATA box

A

Common promoter sequence in eukaryotes

40
Q

Sigma factor

A

A protein that is responsible for promoter recognition in bacteria.
- Works with RNA polymerase

41
Q

General transcription factors

A

Proteins that are responsible to initiate transcription in Eukaryotes (at least 6)
- Bind to promoter region

42
Q

Where do transcriptional activator proteins bind to?

A

They bind to enhancer sequences on DNA, recruit RNA polymerase complex II

43
Q

Why does the looping of the DNA do for transcription?

A

DNA brings activator proteins into contact with the proteins bound at the promoter region, causes transcription to start.

44
Q

Transcription Elongation

A

RNA Pol (prokaryotes) and RNA Pol II (eukaryotes) allows for unwinding of DNA
- RNA nucleotide triphosphates can enter via channels
- RNA polymerase detects the ribonucleoside triphosphate, makes sure it pairs properly
- Orients O in OH group to 3’ end of strand, two phosphates cleaved (energy for reaction)

45
Q

Pyrophosphate group

A

Phosphate group - phosphate group

46
Q

Primary Transcript

A

RNA transcript that comes off the template DNA strand

47
Q

Location of transcription in prokaryotes

A

Both occur in the cytoplasm

48
Q

Polycistronic mRNA

A

In prokaryotes, primary transcripts may contain information for more than one gene

49
Q

5’ Cap

A

7-methylguanosine to the 5’ end of mRNA
- Unique 5’-5’ bond, protects mRNA from exonucleases and stability
- Required for ribosome to recognize mRNA

50
Q

Poly (A) Tail

A

Polyadenylation
- Approx 250 A bases to 3’ end of mRNA
- Protection from degradation
- Transcription termination

51
Q

Alternative Splicing

A

Removing Introns from mRNA sequence

BIOL 130 (10 decks)

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