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BIOL 130 > Module 10 (Cell and Tissue Form) > Flashcards

Module 10 (Cell and Tissue Form) Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

Cells come together to form, multicellular organisms, work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissues combine and function together

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3
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The structural protein network in the cytoplasm that allows the differentiation between cell shape.
- Internal support for cells

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4
Q

Cellular Junctions

A

How cells are able to adhere to one another, as the structural integrity of the tissue is also reliant on how well the tissue holds together.

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5
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Also known as ECM, the “glue” that cells attach to to hold them all together

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6
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of skin that is water-resistant and acts a protective barrier

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7
Q

Dermis

A

The layer beneath the epidermis, supports the epidermis and supplies it with nutrients
- Mostly made up of connective tissue

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Covers the outside of the body and lines many internal structures of the body

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9
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Are specialized to protect underlying tissues and organs, primarily compose the epidermis
- Bottom layer is attached to the basal lamina

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce the pigments of the skin

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11
Q

What are the four types of tissue in animals

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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12
Q

Basal lamina

A

Layer of extracellular matrix in the skin (at the bottom of the dermal layer)

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13
Q

Fibroblast

A

Main cell type found in the dermis, produces the extracellular matrix

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14
Q

All eukaryotic cells have at least…

Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments and microtubules

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15
Q

Element of the cytoskeleton that only animals have

A

Intermediate filament

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16
Q

Microtubules

A

Tubelike structures made of polymers of protein dimers
- alpha tubulin
- beta tubulin
One alpha and one beta combine to form one protein dimer
Form centrosome (radiate out)
Guides arrangement of organelles in the cell, allows cell to withstand compression

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17
Q

Microfilaments

A

Made of actin monomers arranged into a helix (thinnest of cytoskeletal fibers)
Short and branched just beneath the cell membrane of a cell
Reinforces cell membrane and organizes the cell membrane proteins
Various locations in the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Intestinal Microvilli

A

Projections from cell’s surfaces to increase absorption
- Inside are bundles of microfilaments (crosslinking)

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19
Q

Microfilaments in epithelial cells

A

A “belt” of microfilaments is around the circumference of the cell for support

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20
Q

Microfilament Functions

A

Transport of materials inside cells, shortening of muscle cells during contraction, separation of daughter cells at the end of animal cell division

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21
Q

Plus end

A

Faster-growing end of cytoskeleton polymers

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22
Q

Minus end

A

Slower-growing end of cytoskeleton polymers

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23
Q

Minus ends of microtubules are positioned at….

A

The organizing center of the centrosome

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24
Q

Dynamic Instability

A

Cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in microtubules

25
Q

Microtubule catastrophe

A

Dramatic shrinkage of microtubules

26
Q

Polymerization

A

Growth of microtubules

27
Q

Depolymerization

A

Shrinkage of microtubules

28
Q

How do spindle microtubules find chromosomes during cell division

A

They explore the space of the cell by growing into new areas and then shrinking back

29
Q

Motor proteins

A

Can connect microtubules and microfilaments
- Powered by conformational changes from ATP power

30
Q

Kinesin

A

A motor protein that moves the cargo toward the microtubule plus end

31
Q

Dynein

A

A motor protein that moves the cargo toward the microtubule’s minus end

32
Q

Flagella

A

Microtubules associate with the motor protein dynein that causes movement, outward projection “tail” off of a cell

33
Q

Cilia

A

“hair-like” projections off of a cell, move the substances surrounding cells by using microtubules

34
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Found in animal cells, form strong cable-like polymers of proteins, mechanical strength to the cell

35
Q

Keratins

A

Intermediate filaments found in epithelial cells

36
Q

Vimentins

A

Intermediate filaments found in fibroblasts

37
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Intermediate filaments found in neurons

38
Q

Lamins

A

Intermediate filaments found in the nucleus

39
Q

What do multicellular organisms use to connect each cell to each other or to the ECM

A

Cell junctions

40
Q

Apical (for epithelial cells)

A

Facing outside body or lumen

41
Q

Basal (for epithelial cells)

A

Attached to the basal lamina (bottom)

42
Q

Cadherins

A

Integral transmembrane glycoprotein (cell to cell attachment)
Bind to extracellular domain of another cadherin on an adjacent cell
Cytoplasmic side: anchored to microfilament
- Increases strength of tissues and organs

43
Q

Integrins

A

Integral transmembrane glycoproteins (so cells can attach to ECM)
Cytoplasmic domain interacts with cytoskeleton, important for structural integrity of tissues under physical stress

44
Q

Five types of cell junctions

A

Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Tight junctions
Gap junctions

45
Q

Cell junctions

A

Connect cells to other cells or to the basal lamina and are reinforced by the cytoskeleton

46
Q

Adherens junctions

A

Contains cadherins, belt like, goes around circumference of the cell, attach adjacent cells to each other, cadherins are linked to a band of actin microfilaments

47
Q

Desmosomes

A

Contains cadherins, button-like points of adhesion that hold the cell membrane of adjacent cells together, the cadherins are linked to the intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

48
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Contains integrins, connect cells to basal lamina, extracellular domains link to ECM proteins in the basal lamina, cytoplasmic domains are linked to intermediate filaments

49
Q

Tight junctions

A

Seals extracellular space between cells

50
Q

Gap junctions

A

Small channels (connexons) between cells, made from connexin proteins, only low molecular weight material can pass between cells

51
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Allow plant cells to transfer RNA molecules and proteins, larger than gap junctions, singular is plasmodesma

52
Q

Primary cell wall of a plant

A

Cellulose fibers, pectin, some other proteins, is thin and flexible

53
Q

ECM

A

Formed from insoluble meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides, supportive and protective material

54
Q

What is the Middle lamella of the plant cell made of

A

Carbohydrates, also the main mechanism by which plants cells adhere to one another

55
Q

Secondary cell wall of a plant cell

A

Is rigid and is made of cellulose and lignin (hardens the cell wall and makes it water resistant)

56
Q

ECM in animals

A

Made of proteins (collagen, elastin, laminin) and polysaccharides

57
Q

Collagen

A

Most abundant protein in the animal ECM, more than 20 different forms of collagen, 1/4 of the protein in the body

58
Q

Type 1 Collagen

A

Found in dermis of human skin, provides support, intertwined fibers, three polypeptides wound around each other (triple helix)

59
Q

Basal lamina (general)

A

Structural foundation for epithelial tissues, made of several proteins, other proteins assemble on, part of ECM

BIOL 130 (11 decks)

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