Module 10 (Cell and Tissue Form)

Question 1

Tissues

Answer 1

Cells come together to form, multicellular organisms, work together to perform a specific function

Question 2

Organ

Answer 2

Two or more tissues combine and function together

Question 3

Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

The structural protein network in the cytoplasm that allows the differentiation between cell shape.
- Internal support for cells

Question 4

Cellular Junctions

Answer 4

How cells are able to adhere to one another, as the structural integrity of the tissue is also reliant on how well the tissue holds together.

Question 5

Extracellular matrix

Answer 5

Also known as ECM, the “glue” that cells attach to to hold them all together

Question 6

Epidermis

Answer 6

Outer layer of skin that is water-resistant and acts a protective barrier

Question 7

Dermis

Answer 7

The layer beneath the epidermis, supports the epidermis and supplies it with nutrients
- Mostly made up of connective tissue

Question 8

Epithelial tissue

Answer 8

Covers the outside of the body and lines many internal structures of the body

Question 9

Keratinocytes

Answer 9

Are specialized to protect underlying tissues and organs, primarily compose the epidermis
- Bottom layer is attached to the basal lamina

Question 10

Melanocytes

Answer 10

Produce the pigments of the skin

Question 11

What are the four types of tissue in animals

Answer 11

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Question 12

Basal lamina

Answer 12

Layer of extracellular matrix in the skin (at the bottom of the dermal layer)

Question 13

Fibroblast

Answer 13

Main cell type found in the dermis, produces the extracellular matrix

Question 14

All eukaryotic cells have at least…

Cytoskeleton

Answer 14

Microfilaments and microtubules

Question 15

Element of the cytoskeleton that only animals have

Answer 15

Intermediate filament

Question 16

Microtubules

Answer 16

Tubelike structures made of polymers of protein dimers
- alpha tubulin
- beta tubulin
One alpha and one beta combine to form one protein dimer
Form centrosome (radiate out)
Guides arrangement of organelles in the cell, allows cell to withstand compression

Question 17

Microfilaments

Answer 17

Made of actin monomers arranged into a helix (thinnest of cytoskeletal fibers)
Short and branched just beneath the cell membrane of a cell
Reinforces cell membrane and organizes the cell membrane proteins
Various locations in the cytoplasm

Question 18

Intestinal Microvilli

Answer 18

Projections from cell’s surfaces to increase absorption
- Inside are bundles of microfilaments (crosslinking)

Question 19

Microfilaments in epithelial cells

Answer 19

A “belt” of microfilaments is around the circumference of the cell for support

Question 20

Microfilament Functions

Answer 20

Transport of materials inside cells, shortening of muscle cells during contraction, separation of daughter cells at the end of animal cell division

Question 21

Plus end

Answer 21

Faster-growing end of cytoskeleton polymers

Question 22

Minus end

Answer 22

Slower-growing end of cytoskeleton polymers

Question 23

Minus ends of microtubules are positioned at….

Answer 23

The organizing center of the centrosome

Question 24

Dynamic Instability

Answer 24

Cycles of polymerization and depolymerization in microtubules

Question 25

Microtubule catastrophe

Answer 25

Dramatic shrinkage of microtubules

Question 26

Polymerization

Answer 26

Growth of microtubules

Question 27

Depolymerization

Answer 27

Shrinkage of microtubules

Question 28

How do spindle microtubules find chromosomes during cell division

Answer 28

They explore the space of the cell by growing into new areas and then shrinking back

Question 29

Motor proteins

Answer 29

Can connect microtubules and microfilaments
- Powered by conformational changes from ATP power

Question 30

Kinesin

Answer 30

A motor protein that moves the cargo toward the microtubule plus end

Question 31

Dynein

Answer 31

A motor protein that moves the cargo toward the microtubule’s minus end

Question 32

Flagella

Answer 32

Microtubules associate with the motor protein dynein that causes movement, outward projection “tail” off of a cell

Question 33

Cilia

Answer 33

“hair-like” projections off of a cell, move the substances surrounding cells by using microtubules

Question 34

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 34

Found in animal cells, form strong cable-like polymers of proteins, mechanical strength to the cell

Question 35

Keratins

Answer 35

Intermediate filaments found in epithelial cells

Question 36

Vimentins

Answer 36

Intermediate filaments found in fibroblasts

Question 37

Neurons

Answer 37

Intermediate filaments found in neurons

Question 38

Lamins

Answer 38

Intermediate filaments found in the nucleus