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BIOL 130 > Module 3 (Cells and Membranes) > Flashcards

Module 3 (Cells and Membranes) Flashcards

1
Q

Aquaporins

A

Channel proteins that facilitate the passage of water

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2
Q

Influx

A

Movement of a substance into a cell

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3
Q

Efflux

A

Movement of a substance out of a cell

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4
Q

Diffusion

A

Spontaneous
Net movement from high concentration to low concentration

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5
Q

Passive Transport

A

Requires no energy to move molecules across a membrane

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6
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

Movement of small molecules or hydrophobic molecules through the cell membrane

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7
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

Molecules that move across a concentration gradient, but through a protein transporter

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8
Q

Channel Protein

A

Formed by integral membrane proteins
Selectively permeable
Sometimes exist as gated channels

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9
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Specific molecules bind to transporter and moves across concentration gradient

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10
Q

How does a carrier protein work?

A

A molecule binds to the carrier protein, and it triggers a structural change in the protein. The protein is now exposed to the other membrane surface, and diffuses across concentration gradient.

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11
Q

What type of membrane protein has a transmembrane segment?

A

Integral

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

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13
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

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14
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the external pressure that must be applied to stop osmosis

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15
Q

Crenation

A

Animal cells shrivel and die when hypertonic

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16
Q

Plasmolysis

A

Plant cells will pull away from surround cell wall

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17
Q

Hypotonic

A

Solution has a lower [solute] than the cell, water moves into cell, cell can burst

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18
Q

Hypertonic

A

Solution has higher [solute] than the cell, water leaves cell

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19
Q

Hemolysis

A

Red blood cells swell and eventually burst

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20
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The pressure from plant cells pushing against their surrounding cell wall

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21
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances against the concentration gradient, requires energy

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22
Q

Isotonic

A

When the [solute] is equal both inside and outside the cell

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23
Q

Primary Active Transport

A

Active transport that directly breaks down ATP to move solutes against a concentration gradient. Usually uses a transporter

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24
Q

Protein carrier

A

Active transporter

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25
Q

Electrochemical Gradient

A

Has both an electrical (charge) component and a chemical component. Can drive the movement of other molecules through secondary active transport

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26
Q

Secondary Active Transport

A

Uses an electrochemical gradient to move ions across the membrane

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27
Q

Antiport

A

A membrane transport process that carries one substance in one direction and another in the opposite direction.

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28
Q

Symport

A

A membrane transport process that carries two substances in the same direction across the membrane.

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29
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesis of proteins and lipids, network of tubules and flattened sacs

30
Q

Lumen

A

The interior space of the endoplasmic reticulum

31
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Has ribosomes, makes proteins

32
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

No ribosomes
Fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis

33
Q

Ribosomes

A

Sites of protein synthesis
May also be found free in the cytosol

34
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies and sorts proteins and lipids produced by the ER, also adds carbohydrates to proteins and lipids (glycolipids and glycoproteins)

35
Q

Cisternae

A

Flattened sacs in the golgi apparatus, surrounded by small vesicles

36
Q

Glycosylation

A

Where sugars are covalently linked to lipids or specific amino acids of proteins

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

Specialized organelles that harness energy for the cell. They grow and multiply independently and contain their own circular genomes.

38
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A protein scaffold that provides the cell structure

39
Q

Cell wall

A

In plant cells, provides additional support to the cell

40
Q

Vacuoles

A

Contribute to the structure of a plant cell by maintaining turgor pressure

41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Convert the energy from sunlight into chemical energy

42
Q

The Endomembrane System

A

The system of interconnected organelles within the cell

43
Q

Bulk Transport

A

Cells bring in and remove larger molecules and particles across the membrane, without breaking continuity of the cell membrane

44
Q

Exocytosis

A

A vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and releases contents into the extracellular space

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

The process where material from outside the cell is brought into a vesicle that can fuse with other organelles, and bring it inside.

46
Q

Invaginates

A

Forms a pocket around the target material

47
Q

Phagocytosis

A

(Cell eating) Uptake of particulate matter and delivery to a lysosome via a phagosome

48
Q

Phagosome

A

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

49
Q

Phagocytosis provides…

A

Nutrition and defense

50
Q

Pinocytosis

A

(Cell drinking) A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes.

51
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Material binds to receptor proteins on cell membrane, vesicle forms around it and delivers material to endosomes

52
Q

Endosomes

A

Transport, package, and sort cell material traveling to and from the membrane

53
Q

Early endosomes

A

Located near peripheral region of cell.

54
Q

Late endosomes

A

Located in interior part of the cell, and receive material from early endosomes and Golgi apparatus

55
Q

Clathrin

A

Protein that coats the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane and assists in the formation of specialized structures, like coated pits, for receptor-mediated endocytosis

56
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus of a cell

57
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Allow molecules to move into and out of the nucleus, found on the nuclear membrane

58
Q

Lysosomes

A

Specialized vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus, they degrade damaged or unneeded macromolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex carbohydrates). Contain enzymes that allow them to break down material.

59
Q

What is the pH of a lysosome?

A

Around 5, which is moderated by a proton pump

60
Q

Outer membrane of mitochondria

A

Contain integral proteins, that form large, nonselective membrane channels called porins

61
Q

Intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

An aqueous compartment between outer and inner membrane

62
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Highly convoluted, and is the location for the electron transport chain and ATP synthase

63
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The location of the citric acid cycle, ribosomes and DNA

64
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

To be the location where photosynthesis takes place

65
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Taking the sun’s energy and converting it into simple sugars

66
Q

Thylakoid membrane

A

Contains light-collecting molecules called pigments (eg. chlorophyll)
Found in chloroplasts, is inner membrane

67
Q

Thylakoids

A

Flattened membrane sacs within chloroplast

68
Q

Lumen (chloroplast)

A

Space inside a thylakoid

69
Q

Grana

A

The orderly stacks of thylakoids in a chloroplast

70
Q

Stroma

A

Space surrounding thylakoids

71
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

What do chloroplasts resemble?
Where do chloroplasts originate?

72
Q

Proteobacteria

A

What do mitochondria resemble?
Where did mitochondria originate?

BIOL 130 (10 decks)

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