Module 8 - Family and Peer Relationships Flashcards
One of the most important contexts in which children develop is
The relational context
Dr. Diana Baumrind’s original three distinct parenting styles:
authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive.
Maccoby and Martin (1983) expanded her work into the 4 parenting styles, adding in rejecting-neglecting
Authoritative parenting
High in both responsiveness and high in behavioural control.
-Parents typically set limits and enforce rules, but also explain their reasoning behind it. They both love and limit their children.
-Parents respect children and listen receptively to their requests and questions.
-Authoritative parents commonly balance behavioural control and responsiveness by allowing children to make choices within the parents’ standards. For example, do you want carrots or broccoli for the supper vegetable tonight?
Autoritarian Parenting
Authoritarian parents are high in behavioural control, but low in responsiveness.
Parents have absolute control over their children and value unquestioned obedience.
Parents try to control children’s behaviour and attitudes.
“Bad” behaviour is punished, while affection and praise are rarely given.
This type of parenting is very militarian, where parental word is law. For example, rather than explain their decision-making, parents might respond with “because I said so!”
Rejecting-Neglecting Parenting
Rejecting/neglecting parents are low in behavioural control and low in responsiveness.
-Parents are disengaged – they have very little involvement in the child’s life.
-Parents are usually more concerned about their own problems.
For example, parents rarely know what the child is up to or where they are, and give them little guidance.
Permissive Parenting
Permissive parents are high in responsiveness, but low in behavioural control.
Parents have lax discipline – there might be rules but they are rarely enforced and parents rarely give punishments or consequences.
There are few demands placed on children, and children are generally considered to be “the boss”. The relationship is very indulgent.
Parents generally have a “kids will be kids” attitude, and may view their role as more of a friend than a parent.
What are the effects of Permissive parenting on child development?
Children:
Impulsive, low self-control
Higher externalizing problems (e.g., aggression, rule breaking)
Adolescents:
More school misconduct
Higher rates of drug and alcohol use
What are the effects of Authoritative parenting on child development?
Children:
Higher adaptive skills
More competent, popular with peers
Less antisocial behaviour
Adolescents:
High social and academic competence
Self-reliant
Adaptive coping skills
What are the effects of Authoritarian parenting on child development?
Children:
Lower in social and academic competence
Less happy, lower self-confidence
Boys tend to be more impacted than girls
Adolescents:
More ineffective coping strategies
Higher rates of delinquency, depression, aggression, and alcohol use
the total fertility rate in Canada is ?
~1.6
This rate refers to the number of children that a woman is likely to have over the course of reproductive years
What are the effects of Rejecting-Neglecting parenting on child development?
Children:
-Disturbed attachment in relationships
-Difficulties with peer relationships
Adolescents:
-More antisocial behaviour, internalizing problems, substance abuse, risky sexual behaviour
-Lower academic achievement
What does replacement level of fertility mean?
each couple had approximately two children and could essentially replace themselves in terms of population growth. This means that Canada is increasingly reliant on immigration for population growth.
Risks associated with advanced maternal age include:
Genetic abnormalities
Risk of miscarriage
Birth complications:
What maternal age is “best” for child development?
Canadian research finds that women <19 years-old and those who are >30 years-old are at the greatest risk for childbirth complications, particularly those who are >44 years-old
What is considered advanced maternal age?
age 35 years or older, their pregnancy is riskier because their bodies are less physiologically capable of the rigours of pregnancy
Example of Age related pregnancy risk of birth complications
Birth complications like breech position, emergency Cesarean, and preterm also increase significantly with age (Jolly et al., 2000).
Example of Age related pregnancy risk of miscarriage
Risks of spontaneous miscarriage also increase with age. For example, miscarriage rates are estimated to be 9% among 22 year-olds, 18% among 30 year-olds, and 40% among 40 year-olds (Nybo Andersen et al., 2000).
Example of Age related pregnancy Genetic Abnormalities
The likelihood of having a baby with Down syndrome is :
1/1340 for a 25 year-old mother,
1/939 for a 30 year-old mother, and
1/35 for a 45 year-old mother
How is the frequency of family dinners correlated with mental health?
That it is negatively correlated with indicators of poor mental health, and also positive correlated with indicators of positive mental health. The researchers found that this pattern was consistent across age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
Family dinners benefit well-being because they serve to foster open family communication and connectedness
Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?
The closeness of the parent‒child relationship
What can be considered limitations of the Family Dinners study ?
- It is correlational, so the reverse interpretation could be true (e.g., youth with more positive mental health are more likely to communicate with their families)
-Self-report data were obtained from children only
-Third-variable problem - there may be another variable that accounts for both family communication and child well-being (e.g., parenting style)
Lone parent families
Lone parent families have approximately doubled since 1961
4 out of 5 lone parent families are female
Divorce
Divorce is stressful for most children in the short-term.
In the long-term, longitudinal research indicates that children of divorce are less well-adjusted across social, emotional, and behavioural domains.
Divorce moderators
impact the strength of the relationship between divorce and negative outcomes for children, at both the child and parental levels.
For example, when parents avoid making children feel caught in the middle, maintain high-quality relationships with both parents (especially the non-custodial parent), and use positive, cooperative, and respectful parenting strategies, the negative impacts of divorce are reduced.