Module 10 - Attachment and Development of the Self Flashcards
Harry Harlow
one of the first psychologists to ask questions about love and nurturing.
He is best known for his controversial experiments involving rhesus monkeys. Showed the importance of contact comfort.
Basis for Bowlby’s idea for a secure base attachment theory
Results of Harlow’s study
monkeys preferred spending time on the cloth mother, even when it did not provide them with food.
Harlow argued that the infant monkeys needed the comfort provided by the cloth mother, and that this emotional security enabled them to safely explore their cage.
Bowlby’s Attachment theory
children are biologically predisposed to develop attachment to their mothers/caregivers
Key features of Bowlby’s attachment theory
-Biological predisposition
- Secure Base
-Internal Working Model
Attachment
Attachment is an enduring emotional bond with a specific person, that first forms in the parent-child relationship. The quality of attachment varies based on our experiences in our relationships.
During infancy, a child’s attachment to their primary caregiver provides the foundation through which all future relationships will be experienced.
Biological predisposition (Bowlby)
Bowlby argued that attachment:
-is evolutionary advantageous because it increases the chance of survival. In other words, all children come into the world ready to develop an attachment because it promotes survival.
-develops within the first year of life. More specifically, Bowlby argued that attachment to a primary caregiver is best developed during a sensitive period of 6-24 months old.
Secure Base (Bowlby)
Bowlby argued that infants instinctively look to their caregiver to form a secure base. That is, the presence of a trusted caregiver provides infants with a sense of security that enables them to safely explore their environment.
Internal Working Model (Bowlby)
The internal working model is a mental representation of ourselves and relationships constructed based on experiences with caregivers.
Our internal working model:
- provides information on the self, the attachment figure, and what to expect from relationships in general.
- is formed early in life (during infancy) and goes on to influence our relationships with others throughout our lives.
The strange situation task is specifically designed to….?
heighten infants’ need for the caregiver. The idea here is that by observing how infants respond to “strange situations”, researchers can classify their attachment style.
Ainsworth
builds on Bowlby’s attachment theory and proposes different attachment styles. Ainsworth’s seminal contribution to the field of developmental psychology is the Strange Situation task, which she developed in order to identify the attachment styles of infants.
According to Bowlby, what is the main purpose of attachment?
It keeps the caregiver close
It encourages learning about the world without fear
It facilitates co-regulation
Ainsworth first delineated three attachment styles, what were they?
Secure
Avoidant
Ambivalent
Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at:
Infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant’s use of the caregiver as a secure base
Mary Main, one of Ainsworth’s graduate students added what attachment style?
Disorganized
Insecure AVOIDANT attachment - parental characteristics
Unavailable and responds insensitively
Tends to ignore, ridicule, or focus attention away from the child
Secure attachment - infant characteristics
Receives both comfort and confidence from presence of caregiver.
Becomes confident of caregiver’s protection
Based on the parent’s responsiveness, they learn that their needs are respected and valued
Approximately 60% of children in North America can be classified as securely attached.
Insecure AVOIDANT attachment - infant characteristics
Becomes avoidant of caregiver in times of stress because the caregiver is not willing or able to provide comfort
Approximately 15% of children in North America are classified as having avoidant attachment.
Secure attachment - parental characteristics
Caregiver sensitivity is the number one predictor of secure attachment, which means:
Respond promptly to infant’s cues – they are dependable Consistently available and responsive in appropriate ways Engage in frequent positive exchanges Attuned to the needs of their child. This means they are good at figuring out their needs when they are upset.
Insecure AMBIVALENT attachment - parental characteristics
Response to infant is unpredictable and inconsistent
Often anxious, overwhelmed caregivers
Tend to be indifferent and emotionally unavailable
Insecure AMBIVALENT attachment - infant characteristics
Learns that caregiver is unpredictable
Learns to exaggerate needs to get a response
When upset, they often approach caregiver but refuse to be comforted
Ambivalent attachment is also sometimes referred to as resistant attachment. Approximately 10% of children in North America are classified as having ambivalent attachment.
Insecure DISORGANIZED attachment - parental characteristics
Have often suffered trauma in their own attachment histories
Correlated with interfering, rejecting, neglectful, frightening, abusive behaviour
Insecure DISORGANIZED attachment - infant characteristics
Shows fear, confusion, lacks coping strategies
Infants may be fearful or confused by their caregivers
Approximately 15% of children in North America are classified as having disorganized attachment. Infants with disorganized attachment show inconsistent behaviours in the Strange Situation. This means that sometimes they seem resistant, other times avoidant, and even sometimes secure
Secure Attachment:
Early Outcomes
12-month-olds who are securely attached:
Show more enjoyment of physical contact Less fussy/difficult Better able to use caregiver as secure base to explore and learn from the environment
Secure Attachment:
Later Outcomes
Better adjusted:
Healthier reactions to stress More likely to have academic success Less anxiety, depression, delinquency and aggression
Healthier relationships:
Generally stronger social skills Peer and romantic relationships