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Chemistry > Module 8: Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Module 8: Biological Molecules Flashcards

Test 3

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1
Q

What is the Marcromolecule for sugars?

A

Carbohydrate

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2
Q

What is the Marcromolecule for Amino acids?

A

Proteins

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3
Q

What is the Marcromolecule for Fatty acids?

A

Lipids

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4
Q

What is the Marcromolecule for Nucleotides?

A

Nucleic Acids

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5
Q

Small biomolecule: Carbohydrate

A

Sugars

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6
Q

Small biomolecule: Proteins

A

amino acids

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7
Q

Small biomolecule: lipids

A

fatty acids

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8
Q

Small biomolecule: nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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10
Q

Describe Carbohydrates

A

-ose suffix

polyhydroxylated (highly oxygenated)

main energy source

stored as fat long term

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11
Q

Describe proteins

A

responsible for essential biological functions

DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzyme reactions, membrane transport

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12
Q

Describe lipids

A

Hydrophobic

responsible for membrane structure and energy storage

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13
Q

Describe nucleic acid

A

responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information

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14
Q

one sugar unit =

A

monosaccharide

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15
Q

2 sugar units =

A

disaccharide

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16
Q

multiple sugar units =

A

polysaccharide

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17
Q

How is sugar broken down in the body?

A

Glycolysis (conversion to ATP for energy)

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18
Q

Simple sugars break down with ______ but complex sugars require _______

A

saliva

enzymes

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19
Q

What are the 2 carbonyls for carbohydrates?

A

Ketose (CHO)
aldose (=O on the 2nd carbon)

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20
Q

What are the stereoisomers for carbohydrates?

A

last -OH group

On the Left = L
On the right = D

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21
Q

What is the simplest sugar?

A

Glyceraldehyde

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22
Q

How do you name the carbons in carbohydrates?

A

triose
tertose
pentose
hexose

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23
Q

What is an epimer?

A

Type of diastereomer in a carbohydrate where the 1st -OH is the only stereocenter that changes

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24
Q

What is the Alpha anomer?

A

the -OH is pointed DOWN

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25
Q

What is the Beta anomer?

A

the -OH is pointed UP

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26
Q

Where is the aomeric carbon?

A

It is carbon 1

Always to the right of the oxygen

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27
Q

How will you know your carbohydrate is a ketose?

A

Will have an double bonded O at C#2

28
Q

How will you know your carbohydrate is an aldose?

A

C#1 = CHO

29
Q

If carbohydrate is a D sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection

A

up

30
Q

If carbohydrate is a L sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection

A

down

31
Q

What do amino acids conists of?

A

-Amine functional group
-Carboxylic acid functional group
-Side chain

32
Q

T/F: Amino acids are sensitive to pH

A

T

33
Q

Amino acids: positive charge if the pH is _____ than the pI

A

less

34
Q

Amino acids: Negative charge if the pH is _____ than the pI

A

greater

35
Q

Amino acids: D stereoisomer

A

NH2 on RIGHT side or on DASH

36
Q

Amino acids: L stereoisomer

A

NH2 on LEFT side or on WEDGE

37
Q

Which amino acid is natural?

A

L stereoisomer

38
Q

What type of bonds are formed between amino acids?

A

Peptide bonds

39
Q

What are the multiple amino acid fragments called?

A

Dipeptide
tripeptide
tertapeptide
polypeptide

40
Q

What is the beginning of the animo acid peptide sequence?

A

N-terminus
amine functional group

41
Q

What is the ending of the amino acid peptide sequence?

A

C-terminus
carboxylic acid functional group

42
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

An amide bond (carbonyl and N-H)

Look for the amide bond
Count how many and it will tell you how many sequences

43
Q

T/F: Peptide bonds decrease stability of peptides and proteins

A

F

44
Q

_____ leads to turns in amino acid structures

A

Proline

45
Q

Describe Protein Structure: Primary

A

sequence of amino acids

46
Q

Describe Protein Structure: secondary

A

fixed arrangement of polypeptide backbone

Alpha helix
Beta sheets

47
Q

What type of bonds are in alpha helix?

A

intramolecular (same peptide fragments)

48
Q

what type of bonds are in beta sheets?

A

intermolecular (multiple peptide fragments)

49
Q

Describe Protein Structure: tertiary

A

Whole; 3-d structure

tied to biochemical function of a protein

50
Q

What type of bonds are in a tertiary structure?

A

Ionic bonds between side chains of amino acids

hydrogen bonds in peptide bonds

Disulfide linkages between 2 cysteine amino acid

Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids

51
Q

Describe Protein Structure: Quaternary

A

Multiple tertiary structures

(Held together by same forces as tertiary)

52
Q

Lipids have _____ solubility in water

A

low

53
Q

What are the 3 main functions of lipids?

A

energy storage
membrane structure
chemical signaling

54
Q

What are the 4 structural types of lipids?

A

fatty acids
glycerides
non-glycerides
complex

55
Q

What does a unsaturated fatty acid have?

A

double bonds

56
Q

saturated fatty acids have ____ double bonds

A

zero

57
Q

What makes up a fatty acid?

A

hydrocarbon tail
carboxylic acid head

58
Q

cis fatty acids are normally _______

A

unsaturated

59
Q

trans fatty acids are normally ______

A

saturated

60
Q

What are micelles?

A

Bunched up lipids due to insolubility in water

61
Q

Describe an Eicosanoid

A

Lipid Subtype

hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from Arachidonic acid

Acts on neighboring cells

Found in almost all cells and tissues

Plays role in:
-Prostaglandins (inflammation/pain)
-Leukotrienes (inflammation)
-Thromboxanes (blood clotting)

62
Q

Describe a Glyceride

A

Lipid subtype

3 membered glycerol backbone with appended fatty acid

Role in energy storage and cell layers

Types: Neutral (triglycerides) and Ionic (phosphoglycerides)

63
Q

Describe Non-glycerides

A

Lipid subtype

Sphingolipids: CNS enriches compound -> tissue development, cell recognition/adhesion, toxin receptors

Steroids: signaling various biological functions

Waxes: esters of fatty acids; protective coating on plants, insects, bird feathers

64
Q

Describe Complex

A

Lipid Subtype

Bonded to another carbohydrate

Lipoprotein: transporting mechanism

Glycolipids: bond to carbohydrates; can act as a site for viruses to enter

65
Q

What does a Nucleic acid consist of?

A

Heteroaromatic base
Ribose sugar
phosphate group

66
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA - transcription (gene encoding)
RNA - translation (protein synthesis)

Chemistry (13 decks)

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