Module 8: Biological Molecules Flashcards
Test 3
What is the Marcromolecule for sugars?
Carbohydrate
What is the Marcromolecule for Amino acids?
Proteins
What is the Marcromolecule for Fatty acids?
Lipids
What is the Marcromolecule for Nucleotides?
Nucleic Acids
Small biomolecule: Carbohydrate
Sugars
Small biomolecule: Proteins
amino acids
Small biomolecule: lipids
fatty acids
Small biomolecule: nucleic acids
nucleotides
What are the 4 classes of biomolecules?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Describe Carbohydrates
-ose suffix
polyhydroxylated (highly oxygenated)
main energy source
stored as fat long term
Describe proteins
responsible for essential biological functions
DNA replication, cell signaling, metabolic reactions, enzyme reactions, membrane transport
Describe lipids
Hydrophobic
responsible for membrane structure and energy storage
Describe nucleic acid
responsible for storage and transfer of genetic information
one sugar unit =
monosaccharide
2 sugar units =
disaccharide
multiple sugar units =
polysaccharide
How is sugar broken down in the body?
Glycolysis (conversion to ATP for energy)
Simple sugars break down with ______ but complex sugars require _______
saliva
enzymes
What are the 2 carbonyls for carbohydrates?
Ketose (CHO)
aldose (=O on the 2nd carbon)
What are the stereoisomers for carbohydrates?
last -OH group
On the Left = L
On the right = D
What is the simplest sugar?
Glyceraldehyde
How do you name the carbons in carbohydrates?
triose
tertose
pentose
hexose
What is an epimer?
Type of diastereomer in a carbohydrate where the 1st -OH is the only stereocenter that changes
What is the Alpha anomer?
the -OH is pointed DOWN
What is the Beta anomer?
the -OH is pointed UP
Where is the aomeric carbon?
It is carbon 1
Always to the right of the oxygen
How will you know your carbohydrate is a ketose?
Will have an double bonded O at C#2
How will you know your carbohydrate is an aldose?
C#1 = CHO
If carbohydrate is a D sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection
up
If carbohydrate is a L sugar, the hydroxyl group goes ____ in the Haworth projection
down
What do amino acids conists of?
-Amine functional group
-Carboxylic acid functional group
-Side chain
T/F: Amino acids are sensitive to pH
T
Amino acids: positive charge if the pH is _____ than the pI
less
Amino acids: Negative charge if the pH is _____ than the pI
greater
Amino acids: D stereoisomer
NH2 on RIGHT side or on DASH
Amino acids: L stereoisomer
NH2 on LEFT side or on WEDGE
Which amino acid is natural?
L stereoisomer
What type of bonds are formed between amino acids?
Peptide bonds
What are the multiple amino acid fragments called?
Dipeptide
tripeptide
tertapeptide
polypeptide
What is the beginning of the animo acid peptide sequence?
N-terminus
amine functional group
What is the ending of the amino acid peptide sequence?
C-terminus
carboxylic acid functional group
What is a peptide bond?
An amide bond (carbonyl and N-H)
Look for the amide bond
Count how many and it will tell you how many sequences
T/F: Peptide bonds decrease stability of peptides and proteins
F
_____ leads to turns in amino acid structures
Proline
Describe Protein Structure: Primary
sequence of amino acids
Describe Protein Structure: secondary
fixed arrangement of polypeptide backbone
Alpha helix
Beta sheets
What type of bonds are in alpha helix?
intramolecular (same peptide fragments)
what type of bonds are in beta sheets?
intermolecular (multiple peptide fragments)
Describe Protein Structure: tertiary
Whole; 3-d structure
tied to biochemical function of a protein
What type of bonds are in a tertiary structure?
Ionic bonds between side chains of amino acids
hydrogen bonds in peptide bonds
Disulfide linkages between 2 cysteine amino acid
Dispersion forces between hydrocarbon side chains of amino acids
Describe Protein Structure: Quaternary
Multiple tertiary structures
(Held together by same forces as tertiary)
Lipids have _____ solubility in water
low
What are the 3 main functions of lipids?
energy storage
membrane structure
chemical signaling
What are the 4 structural types of lipids?
fatty acids
glycerides
non-glycerides
complex
What does a unsaturated fatty acid have?
double bonds
saturated fatty acids have ____ double bonds
zero
What makes up a fatty acid?
hydrocarbon tail
carboxylic acid head
cis fatty acids are normally _______
unsaturated
trans fatty acids are normally ______
saturated
What are micelles?
Bunched up lipids due to insolubility in water
Describe an Eicosanoid
Lipid Subtype
hormone-like biomolecule synthesized from Arachidonic acid
Acts on neighboring cells
Found in almost all cells and tissues
Plays role in:
-Prostaglandins (inflammation/pain)
-Leukotrienes (inflammation)
-Thromboxanes (blood clotting)
Describe a Glyceride
Lipid subtype
3 membered glycerol backbone with appended fatty acid
Role in energy storage and cell layers
Types: Neutral (triglycerides) and Ionic (phosphoglycerides)
Describe Non-glycerides
Lipid subtype
Sphingolipids: CNS enriches compound -> tissue development, cell recognition/adhesion, toxin receptors
Steroids: signaling various biological functions
Waxes: esters of fatty acids; protective coating on plants, insects, bird feathers
Describe Complex
Lipid Subtype
Bonded to another carbohydrate
Lipoprotein: transporting mechanism
Glycolipids: bond to carbohydrates; can act as a site for viruses to enter
What does a Nucleic acid consist of?
Heteroaromatic base
Ribose sugar
phosphate group
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
DNA - transcription (gene encoding)
RNA - translation (protein synthesis)