Module 8

Question 1

The fraction
of MSW produced in domestic households is called ________.

Answer 1

refuse

Question 2

The components of refuse are _____ or ________ and _______.

Answer 2

garbage, food waste, trash

Question 3

We have observed more than __ human diseases associated with solid waste disposal sites, and there is little doubt that improper solid waste disposal is a health hazard.

Answer 3

20

Question 4

These are the means by which disease organisms are transmitted, and water, air, and food may all be vectors.

Answer 4

disease vectors

Question 5

The two most important disease vectors related to solid wastes are _____ and ______.

Answer 5

rats, flies

Question 6

Flies are such prolific breeders that 70,000 flies can be produced in 1 ft3 of garbage, and carry many diseases like __________.

Answer 6

bacillary dysentery

Question 7

The plagues of the __________ were directly associated with the rat populations.

Answer 7

Middle Ages

Question 8

__________ is also threatened by infiltration of leachate from MSW disposal into groundwater, and particularly into drinking water supplies.

Answer 8

Public health

Question 9

It is formed when rainwater collects in landfills, pits, waste ponds, or waste lagoons, and stays in contact with waste material long enough to leach out and dissolve some of its chemical and biochemical constituents.

Answer 9

leachate

Question 10

It may be a major groundwater and surface water contaminant, particularly where there is heavy rainfall and rapid percolation through the soil.

Answer 10

leachate

Question 11

Techniques the Quantities of MSW generated in a Community may be Estimated

Answer 11

input analysis, secondary data analysis, output analysis

Question 12

This technique estimates MSW based on use of a number of products; highly inaccurate except in small and isolated communities.

Answer 12

input analysis

Question 13

This technique may be used to estimate solid waste production by some empirical relationship; inherently inaccurate and may have no general application.

Answer 13

secondary data analysis

Question 14

This technique is by weighing the refuse dumped at the disposal sites, either with truck scales or with portable wheeled scales.

Answer 14

output analysis

Question 15

Fees for use of the dump which depends on the weight dumped, requiring refuse to be weighed in any case.

Answer 15

tipping fees

Question 16

Daily weight of refuse varies with the _______ and the ______.

Answer 16

day of the week, week of the year

Question 17

Moisture content can vary between _______ that’s why weather conditions also affect refuse weight.

Answer 17

15% to 30%

Question 18

If every truckload cannot be weighed, these are used to estimate the total quantity from sample truckload weights.

Answer 18

statistical methods

Question 19

Characteristics of site and MSW wherein Refuse Management depends

Answer 19

• gross composition
• moisture content
• particle size
• chemical composition
• density

Question 20

may be the most important characteristic affecting MSW disposal, or the recovery of materials and energy from refuse

Answer 20

gross composition

Question 21

Refuse composition is expressed either “_________” or “_________,” since moisture transfer takes place during the disposal process and thereby changes the weights of the various fractions of refuse.

Answer 21

as generated, as disposed

Question 22

The moisture content of MSW may vary between 15 and 30%, and is usually about ___.

Answer 22

20%

Question 23

Moisture is measured by drying a sample at ____ (170°F) for 24 hours.

Answer 23

77°C

Question 24

It is particularly important in refuse processing for resource recovery.

Answer 24

particle size distribution

Question 25

It is an expensive part of waste management, and many new devices and methods have been proposed in order to cut costs.

Answer 25

collection

Question 26

It reduce the amount of garbage in refuse; are so ubiquitous that in most community's garbage collection is needed only once a week; put an extra load on the wastewater treatment plant.

Answer 26

garbage grinders

Question 27

These have been installed in some small communities, mostly in Sweden and Japan; refuse is ground at the residence and sucked through underground lines.

Answer 27

pneumatic pipes

Question 28

It can reduce collection and MSW disposal costs and thus reduce local taxes, but only if every household has one; uses special high-strength bags, so that the operating cost is also a consideration.

Answer 28

kitchen garbage compactors

Question 29

These are part of many urban refuse collection systems; located at various points in a city, to which collection trucks bring the refuse.

Answer 29

transfer stations

Question 30

These are often provided by the community and are widely used for transfer of refuse from the household to the collection truck.

Answer 30

cans on wheels

Question 31

They suffer higher lost-time accident rates than other municipal or industrial workers.

Answer 31

garbage collection workers

Question 32

These may result in significant cost saving as well as increased effectiveness.

Answer 32

route optimization

Question 33

Route optimization was first addressed by mathematician ______ in ______.

Answer 33

Leonard Euler, 1736

Question 34

Where was Leonard Euler asked to design a parade route?

Answer 34

city of Konigsberg in East Prussia

Question 35

Only Two Realistic Options for Disposal

Answer 35

oceans and on land

Question 36

This term was first used for the method of disposal employed in the burial of waste ammunition and other material after WW2, and the concept of burying refuse was used by several Midwestern communities.

Answer 36

sanitary landfill

Question 37

open dump vs sanitary landfills: simply places to deposit wastes

Answer 37

open dumps

Question 38

open dump vs sanitary landfills: engineered operations

Answer 38

sanitary landfills

Question 39

open dump vs sanitary landfills: designed and operated according to acceptable standards

Answer 39

sanitary landfills

Question 40

It is the compaction of refuse in a lined pit and covering of the compacted refuse with an earthen cover.

Answer 40

sanitary landfilling

Question 41

The landfill is built up in units called ____.

Answer 41

cells

Question 42

The daily cover in landfills is between ___ to ___ inches thick depending on soil composition, and a final cover of at least _____ feet thick is used to close the landfill.

Answer 42

6, 12, 2

Question 43

Numerous stages involved in sanitary landfilling operations

Answer 43

siting, design, operation, closing

Question 44

It is rapidly becoming the most difficult stage of the process of landfilling since few people wish to have landfills in their neighborhoods.

Answer 44

siting of landfills

Question 45

Consideration: Rapid runoff will lessen mosquito problems, but proximity to streams or well supplies may result in water pollution.

Answer 45

drainage

Question 46

consideration: It is preferable that the landfill be downwind from any nearby community.

Answer 46

wind

Question 47

consideration: A small site with limited capacity is generally not acceptable since finding a new site entails considerable difficulty.

Answer 47

size

Question 48

consideration: The production of leachate from the landfill is influenced by the weather.

Answer 48

rainfall patterns

Question 49

consideration: Can the soil be excavated and used as cover?

Answer 49

soil type

Question 50

consideration: The bottom of the landfill must be substantially above the highest expected groundwater elevation.

Answer 50

depth of the water table

Question 51

consideration: The landfill must be proximate to wastewater treatment facilities

Answer 51

treatment of leachate

Question 52

consideration: All landfills attract birds to some extent, and are therefore not compatible with airport siting.

Answer 52

proximity to airports

Question 53

consideration: Can the area be used for private or public use after the landfilling operation is complete?

Answer 53

ultimate use

Question 54

In the absence of oxygen, __________ steadily degrades the organic material to more stable forms.

Answer 54

anaerobic decomposition

Question 55

The liquid produced during decomposition, as well as water that seeps through the groundcover and works its way out of the refuse.

Answer 55

leachate

Question 56

The water entering a landfill must equal the water flowing out of the landfill, or leachate.

Answer 56

water balance

Question 57

second by-product of a landfill

Answer 57

gas

Question 58

stages of gas production in landfills

Answer 58

- aerobic stage - anaerobic decomposition stage - anaerobic methane production stage - steady-state condition stage

Question 59

escape vents; kept lit and the gas is burned off as it is formed

Answer 59

tiki torches

Question 60

biological method of waste treatment

Answer 60

landfill operation

Question 61

must include methods for the recovery and treatment of the leachate produced by the decomposing refuse, and the venting or use of the landfill gas

Answer 61

landfill design