Module 1 Flashcards
this term emerged in the 1960s as academic programs in engineering and public health schools expanded, necessitating a more precise title for their curricula and graduates
environmental engineer
combines various disciplines, bringing knowledge, skills, and professionalism
environmental engineering
origins trace back to civil engineering, public health, ecology, chemistry, and meteorology
environmental engineering
focuses on the greater good
ethics
this profession also values ethics
environmental engineering
recognized that his profession tended to focus on the construction of public facilities rather than purely military ones
John Smeaton
who discovered civil engineering and when was it discovered?
John Smeaton, 1782
builder of roads, structures, and canals in England
John Smeaton
This title was widely adopted by engineers engaged in public works
Civil Engineer
first formal university engineering curriculum in the United States
U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1802
Where and when was the first engineering course outside USMA offered?
American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in 1821
What is now the name of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy?
Norwich University
conferred the first truly civil engineering degree in 1835
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
it was founded in 1852
American Society of Civil Engineers
When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?
1852
When did Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conferred the first truly civil engineering degree?
1835
When was the report from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain?
1842
the identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission and the ensuing embrace of cleanliness
Great Sanitary Awakening
When was the Great Sanitary Awakening?
1850s
Who led the Great Sanitary Awakening?
Sir Edwin Chadwick, England
Ludwig Semmelweiss, Austria
defines ecosystems as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment
Ecology
defined as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment
ecosystems
The populations of the species in an ecosystem do not vary independently but rather fluctuate in an approximate steady state in response to self-regulating or negative feedback
Homeostasis
populations are also governed by positive feedback mechanisms that result from changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment
Homeorhesis
can be illustrated by a simple interaction between two populations
Homeostatic mechanisms
as a framework for making decisions appeared to be irrelevant to engineering since the engineer generally did precisely what the employer or client required
Ethics
committed to high standards of interpersonal and environmental ethics
environmental engineers
The aviation industry contributes to greenhouse emission from ground airport vehicles used by the passengers and staff to access the airports, as well as through emissions by the production of energy used in airport terminals, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.
Climate Change
most important emitting gas from aircraft due to combustion of fossil fuel which contributes to greenhouse effect
Carbon Dioxide
most significant and studied element accelerating climate change
Carbon Dioxide
emission is much more dominant and hence increased concentration of O3 enhances the effect of global warming
Nitrogen Oxides
one of the products obtained after combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen; a greenhouse gas
water vapor
Water vapor produced by aircraft engines at high altitude, under certain atmospheric conditions, condenses into droplets to form _________
condensation trails or contrails
The soot particles emitted from aircraft engines are considered to be most influential for contrail formation
particulates
a harmful noise effect produced by various components of an aircraft during its different segment of flight schedule
aircraft noise
Three Categories of Aircraft Noise
Mechanical Noise, Aerodynamic Noise, System Noise
comes from rotation of engine parts; it becomes most significant when fan blades attain a supersonic tip velocity
mechanical noise
supersonic tip velocity
buzz saw noise
This type of noise is again important at low altitudes where air density is higher
aerodynamic noise
affected by the shape of nose and canopy of the aircraft
aerodynamic noise
Two Categories of Aerodynamic Noise
bluff body noise, edge noise
Alternating vortex shedding from either side of a bluff body creates a low pressure region at the core of the shed vortices, which results in generating pressure waves
bluff body noise
When turbulent flow passes through the trailing edge of an aircraft wing or through the clearance area of the high lift devices (HLD) attached to the wing, then fluctuations in pressure propagate as sound waves (Tollemin-Schlichting wave) radially downwards
edge noise
What is the sound wave in edge noise called?
Tollemin-Schlichting wave
generated from various systems of aircraft as cockpit, cabin pressurization, conditioning systems and Auxiliary Power Units (APU)
system noise
possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of climate change
aircraft efficiency, operating efficiency, alternative fuels, electric propulsion, regulations
possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft noise
technological advancements (engine design and location), regulations
