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Environmental Engineering > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

this term emerged in the 1960s as academic programs in engineering and public health schools expanded, necessitating a more precise title for their curricula and graduates

A

environmental engineer

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2
Q

combines various disciplines, bringing knowledge, skills, and professionalism

A

environmental engineering

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3
Q

origins trace back to civil engineering, public health, ecology, chemistry, and meteorology

A

environmental engineering

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4
Q

focuses on the greater good

A

ethics

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5
Q

this profession also values ethics

A

environmental engineering

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6
Q

recognized that his profession tended to focus on the construction of public facilities rather than purely military ones

A

John Smeaton

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7
Q

who discovered civil engineering and when was it discovered?

A

John Smeaton, 1782

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8
Q

builder of roads, structures, and canals in England

A

John Smeaton

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9
Q

This title was widely adopted by engineers engaged in public works

A

Civil Engineer

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10
Q

first formal university engineering curriculum in the United States

A

U.S. Military Academy at West Point in 1802

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11
Q

Where and when was the first engineering course outside USMA offered?

A

American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy in 1821

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12
Q

What is now the name of the American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy?

A

Norwich University

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13
Q

conferred the first truly civil engineering degree in 1835

A

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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14
Q

it was founded in 1852

A

American Society of Civil Engineers

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15
Q

When was the American Society of Civil Engineers found?

A

1852

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16
Q

When did Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute conferred the first truly civil engineering degree?

A

1835

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17
Q

When was the report from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain?

A

1842

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18
Q

the identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission and the ensuing embrace of cleanliness

A

Great Sanitary Awakening

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19
Q

When was the Great Sanitary Awakening?

A

1850s

20
Q

Who led the Great Sanitary Awakening?

A

Sir Edwin Chadwick, England
Ludwig Semmelweiss, Austria

21
Q

defines ecosystems as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment

A

Ecology

22
Q

defined as interdependent populations of organisms interacting with their physical and chemical environment

A

ecosystems

23
Q

The populations of the species in an ecosystem do not vary independently but rather fluctuate in an approximate steady state in response to self-regulating or negative feedback

A

Homeostasis

24
Q

populations are also governed by positive feedback mechanisms that result from changes in the physical, chemical, and biological environment

A

Homeorhesis

25
Q

can be illustrated by a simple interaction between two populations

A

Homeostatic mechanisms

26
Q

as a framework for making decisions appeared to be irrelevant to engineering since the engineer generally did precisely what the employer or client required

A

Ethics

27
Q

committed to high standards of interpersonal and environmental ethics

A

environmental engineers

28
Q

The aviation industry contributes to greenhouse emission from ground airport vehicles used by the passengers and staff to access the airports, as well as through emissions by the production of energy used in airport terminals, the manufacture of aircraft and the construction of airport infrastructure.

A

Climate Change

29
Q

most important emitting gas from aircraft due to combustion of fossil fuel which contributes to greenhouse effect

A

Carbon Dioxide

30
Q

most significant and studied element accelerating climate change

A

Carbon Dioxide

31
Q

emission is much more dominant and hence increased concentration of O3 enhances the effect of global warming

A

Nitrogen Oxides

32
Q

one of the products obtained after combustion of hydrocarbons with oxygen; a greenhouse gas

A

water vapor

33
Q

Water vapor produced by aircraft engines at high altitude, under certain atmospheric conditions, condenses into droplets to form _________

A

condensation trails or contrails

34
Q

The soot particles emitted from aircraft engines are considered to be most influential for contrail formation

A

particulates

35
Q

a harmful noise effect produced by various components of an aircraft during its different segment of flight schedule

A

aircraft noise

36
Q

Three Categories of Aircraft Noise

A

Mechanical Noise, Aerodynamic Noise, System Noise

37
Q

comes from rotation of engine parts; it becomes most significant when fan blades attain a supersonic tip velocity

A

mechanical noise

38
Q

supersonic tip velocity

A

buzz saw noise

39
Q

This type of noise is again important at low altitudes where air density is higher

A

aerodynamic noise

40
Q

affected by the shape of nose and canopy of the aircraft

A

aerodynamic noise

41
Q

Two Categories of Aerodynamic Noise

A

bluff body noise, edge noise

42
Q

Alternating vortex shedding from either side of a bluff body creates a low pressure region at the core of the shed vortices, which results in generating pressure waves

A

bluff body noise

43
Q

When turbulent flow passes through the trailing edge of an aircraft wing or through the clearance area of the high lift devices (HLD) attached to the wing, then fluctuations in pressure propagate as sound waves (Tollemin-Schlichting wave) radially downwards

A

edge noise

44
Q

What is the sound wave in edge noise called?

A

Tollemin-Schlichting wave

45
Q

generated from various systems of aircraft as cockpit, cabin pressurization, conditioning systems and Auxiliary Power Units (APU)

A

system noise

46
Q

possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of climate change

A

aircraft efficiency, operating efficiency, alternative fuels, electric propulsion, regulations

47
Q

possible solutions to reduce the environmental impact of aircraft noise

A

technological advancements (engine design and location), regulations

Environmental Engineering (11 decks)

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