Module 6 Flashcards
independently assesses the science, impacts, economics, and mitigation alternatives of climate change
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
key species of interest for climate change
carbon dioxide, water vapor, nitrogen oxides, sulfate, condensation trails
This assessment report of the IPCC concluded that “warming of the climate system is unequivocal” and that “most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations.”
2007 Assessment Report
published a special report on the specific impacts of aviation on the global atmosphere
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
makes up 70% of exhaust emissions by mass
carbon dioxide
It is a long-lived GHG having an atmospheric residence time on the order of centuries.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
makes up 29% of the exhaust emissions by mass and has a warming impact
water vapor (H2O)
These are not GHGs, but through atmospheric processes they lead to ozone (0) production and methane (CH) destruction, both of which are strong GHGs, so these processes have warming and cooling effects.
nitrogen oxides (NOx)
these are solid or liquid aerosols suspended in the atmosphere which can reflect sunlight (a cooling effect) or trap infrared radiation (a warming effect) depending on their characteristics (e.g., size, composition, concentration) and time of day.
sulfate (SO) and soot aerosols
These are the line-shaped trails visible from the ground that sometimes form behind aircraft (typically at high altitude) under certain atmospheric and engine conditions.
condensation trails or contrails
a measure of the influence that a factor has in altering the balance of incoming and outgoing energy in the Earth atmosphere system
radiative forcing (RF)
the cumulative RF effects of an emission over a specified time horizon
global warming potential (GWP)
2 most common variety of metrics used to measure climate change impacts
radiative forcing (RF) and global warming potential (GWP)
often used because the estimated surface temperature change due to a given pollutant is directly proportional to its RF value
radiative forcing (RF)
several impacts of climate change from an airport perspective
- alter the GDP
- change of tourism patterns
- sea-level and weather changes
Give at least 5 Airport-level Climate Change Mitigations
- airfield design and operations
- business planning
- construction
- carbon sequestration
- energy management
- ground service equipment
- ground transportation
- operations and maintenance
- performance measurement
- renewable energy
especially effective at reducing taxi fuel burn and associated air quality and GHG emissions
surface congestion management
minimize level-offs during the climb phase to get aircraft to their more efficient cruise altitudes as soon as possible
continuous climb departures (CCDs)
keep the aircraft speed higher for longer during the initial stages of the approach, and hence in a cleaner aerodynamic configuration resulting in lower engine thrust and fuel bum
delayed deceleration approaches (DDAs)
These are being explored which can incorporate CDA vertical and DDA speed profiles all the way from the top of descent down to final approach to achieve maximum fuel and emissions reductions.
optimized profile descents (OPDs)
Many older, long-range aircraft types can be modified with new ______ and ______ elements that can reduce drag and decrease fuel bum and emission by as much as ___.
winglets, fuselage, 5%
can be integrated with conventional tube and wing aircraft and hold promise of 15 to 25 percent reductions in fuel burn and emissions compared to existing conventional turbofan engines
geared turbofans and unducted fan engines
Blended wing-body configurations could potentially reduce fuel bum and emissions by up to ____.
70%
Alternative fuels based on renewable sources such as __________ have the advantage that the growth of the feedstock absorbs nearly as much carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as the burning of the resulting fuel creates.
cellulosic biomass
Alternative fuels based on the hydroprocessing of plant oils derived from _______, ______, ______, and _____ show promise.
soybean, palm, Jatropha, algae
designed to reduce emissions in an economically efficient way
emission trading schemes
first that explicitly includes the aviation industry
European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS)
What does EU ETS stand for?
European Union Emissions Trading Scheme
Guidance on ETS can be found in ______ and _____, and on preparing GHG emission inventories in ACRP.
ICAO, ACRP
Some airports may have the option of buying “_______” to mitigate their climate impacts, especially if they have set targets for carbon neutral growth.
offsets
Their scheme offers a framework for airport operators to gain formal recognition of their efforts to achieve carbon neutral status.
ACI-Europe Airport Carbon Accreditation (ACA)
What does ACA stand for?
Airport Carbon Accreditation
The study of the_________ requires an analysis of those factors which influence industrial, commercial, and residential location decisions including accessibility to raw materials, labor, and markets, the costs of production and transportation, and those quality of life and community factors associated with such decisions.
land development impacts
The boundaries of the areas affected in displacement and relocation are determined from ____.
area maps
The community structure is usually defined in terms of ______, ______, and ______, ______and ______ characteristics.
population demography, growth, density, housing, business
