Module 7 Flashcards
How deep is the earth’s atmosphere?
100 miles deep
air mass percentage within 12 miles of earth’s surface
95%
layer of Earth where we have our weather and air pollution problems
troposphere
determine how air contaminants are dispersed and move through the troposphere; determine the concentration of a particular pollutant that is breathed or the amount deposited on vegetation
weather patterns
called stack sampling when a stationary source is analyzed
measurement of emissions
Samples are drawn out through a hole or vent in the stack for
on-the-spot analyses.
measurement of emissions
measurement of wind speed, wind direction, lapse rates, etc.; to determine how pollutants travel from source to receipient
meteorological measurements
measured by a variety of monitors
ambient air quality
almost all evidences of health effects of air pollution are based on correlation of these effects with measured ambient air quality
measurement of ambient air quality
often by wet chemistry, in that collected gas is either dissolved into or reacted with a collecting fluid
gas measurement
provide continuous readout
modem monitors
It is almost instantly translated by a readout device, so that the pollution may be measured while its happening.
measurement of pollutant concentrations
operates much like a vacuum cleaner by pumping air at a high rate through a filter
hi-vol sampler
Both total suspended particulate matter (TSP) and particles 10μm in diameter or less (PM10) are measured when monitoring _______.
ambient air
In a hi-vol sampler, analysis is _________.
gravimetric
The filter is weighed before and after the sampling period. The analysis is _________.
gravimetric
Air flow through the filter is measured with a _______, usually calibrated in cubic feet of air per minute.
flow meter
can be fitted with a variety of filters and used to measure smaller particles and particles of a particular size
hi-vol samplers
What does TSP stand for?
total suspended particulate matter
The ______ is more stringent than it is for TSP.
ambient standard
It may be sued to measure fine particles including respirable particles than 1.0 micrometer in diameter - small enough to penetrate the lung.
cascade impactor
consists of four tubes, each with a progressively
smaller opening, thus forcing progressively higher throughput velocities
cascade impactor
Particle-measuring devices are usually fitted with an __________ and _________.
automatic computer input, recording arrangement
What do you call the hi-vol sampler/computer recorder combination?
computer-assisted particle monitor (CAPS)
It measures the intensity of light scattered by fine particles in the air, and the scattered light intensity is proportional to the concentration of smoke or very fine particulate matter in the air.
nephelometer
Fine particles interfere with visibility by scattering light, what do you call this scattering?
haze
In a nephelometer, the scattered light intensity is measured at a _____ angle from the incident light.
90 deg
sets certification limits for specific air quality pollutants that a new aircraft engine must comply with to get approval to operate
ICAO
In the certification limits set by ICAO for specific quality pollutants, the standards cover _______, ______, ______, and ______.
hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, smoke emissions
The certification test takes place on a test bed where a new engine is run at four different fractions of maximum thrust settings for specified times to simulate the various phases of a standardized ____________.
landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle
The LTO cycle covers the typical taxi, takeoff, and approach operations of aircraft _______ because emissions below this altitude are thought to be the primary contributors to surface air quality impacts.
below 3000 ft
Research suggests that aircraft emissions from flight phases ________ may constitute a substantial portion of the total air quality health impacts of aviation and this may influence how air quality certification standards are defined in the future.
above 3000 ft
Since air quality certification criteria first came into effect, the stringency of nitrogen oxide standards has reduced those emissions from new engines by around ____ and further reductions are expected in the coming years.
40%
specify acceptable levels of different “criteria pollutants” that are considered harmful to public
health and the environment
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
district meeting-acceptable levels of a given pollutant
attainment area
district not meeting-acceptable levels of a given pollutant and require special efforts to become compliant
nonattainment areas
largest components of engine emissions by mass but are not a concern from an air quality perspective
carbon dioxide (70%) and water vapor (29%)
includes primary nonvolatile soot emitted from the engine as a by-product of jet fuel combustion and secondary aerosols which form later in the exhaust plume through physical
and chemical processes in the atmosphere
particulate matter (PM) or smoke
form from jet fuel combustion
nitrogen oxides
CmHn compounds arising from incomplete combustion of fuel
unburned hydrocarbons (UHC)/volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
secondary formation from NO, and UHCs
Ozone (O3)
from sulfur in fuel
Sulfur oxides (SOx)
from incomplete combustion of fuel
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Air quality impacts can be monetized using ________, ______, and _____ parameters that are often recommended by appropriate agencies.
value of a statistical life (VSL), willingness-to-pay (WTP), cost-of-illness (COI)
effective at reducing air quality impacts of aviation
operational mitigations
Airports can uses these to encourage operators to fly cleaner aircraft.
emissions charges
What does CAEP stand for?
Committee for Aviation Environmental Protection
Airports can make their own vehicles cleaner from an air quality perspective by using electric or lower impact fuels such as _________.
compressed natural gas (CNG)
emission sources from incomplete combustion of fuel
carbon monoxide
are air quality emission sources that includes primary nonvolatile soot emitted from the engine as a by-product of jet fuel combustion and secondary aerosols which form later in the exhaust plume through physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere
particulate matter
is an air pollutant that has an health effect of Eye & Respiratory tract infections with Headaches/Dizziness/Memory impairment if taken in constant concentration
unburned hydrocarbons
can cause lung irritation & lower resistance to respiratory inspections
nitrogen oxides
