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NEURO > MODULE 8 > Flashcards

MODULE 8 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The auditory system will encode both the frequency (pitch) and amplitude (intensity) of sound waves

A

true

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2
Q

Which part of the ear allows for impedance matching allowing the energy of a sound wave to be transferred from an air medium to a fluid medium?

A: External ear
B: Middle ear
C: Inner ear

A

B – The bony ossicles allow for impedance matching allowing for the optimal transfer of energy from the vibrating tympanic membrane to the foot plate of the stapes; this allows for the appropriate transfer of energy from an air medium to a fluid medium

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3
Q

The cochlea is responsible for __________ ___________

A

auditory transduction

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4
Q

Which of the following chambers of the membranous cochlea contains endolymph?

A: Scala tympani
B: Scala media
C: Scala vestibuli

A

B – scala media contains the organ of corti (which contains hair cells) and endolymph (high in K+ and low in Na+)

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5
Q

scala tympani and scala vestibuli are filled with what fluid?

A

perilymph (low in K+ and high in Na+)

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6
Q

what is the ascending chamber of the membranous cochlea? descending?

A

scala vestibuli; scala tympani

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7
Q

T/F: Hair cells of the Organ of Corti are considered the sensory receptors of the auditory system.

A

true

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8
Q

T/F: High frequency sounds are encoded toward the apex of the cochlea.

A

false – high frequency sounds are encoded along the base of the cochlea and low frequency sounds are encoded along the apex.

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9
Q

How is amplitude of a sound wave encoded in the cochlea?

A: By sound waves of different frequencies reaching their peaks at specific locations along the basliar membrane causing the firing of specific primary afferents.

B: By primary afferents increasing their firing rates proportionally to increases in sound intensity.

C: By additional higher threshold primary afferents becoming active as sound intensity increases.

D: Both B & C

A

D – the amplitude of a sound wave is encoded via frequency coding and population coding.

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10
Q

How is amplitude of a sound wave encoded in the cochlea?

A

Pitch is encoded by sound waves of different frequencies reaching their peaks at specific locations along the basilar membrane causing the firing of specific primary afferents (place theory/tonotopic organization).

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11
Q

Describe the chain of events that occurs as a result of upward movement of the basilar membrane.

A

Upward movement of the basilar membrane –> bending of the stereocilia toward the TALLEST stereocilia –> cation channels open resulting in DEPOLARIZATION of the hair cell –> inc in release of glutamate

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12
Q

Which primary afferent fiber type makes up the majority of the nerve fibers of the cochlear nerve?

A

Type I

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13
Q

the direct pathway for the auditory system is _____, while the indirect pathway is _____

A: monoaural
B: binaural

A

A; B

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14
Q

What does the direct pathway of the auditory system process?

A

pitch and volume

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15
Q

What does the direct pathway of the auditory system process?

A

sound localization

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16
Q

Information about _____ from ________ will be ultimately transmitted to _____ via the direct pathway.

A

pitch and volume; ONE ear; the CONTRAlateral primary auditory cortex

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17
Q

Information about _____ from ________ will be ultimately transmitted to _____ via the horizontal indirect pathway.

A

sound localization; BOTH ears; the IPSIlateral primary auditory cortex

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18
Q

Information about _____ from ________ will be ultimately transmitted to _____ via the vertical indirect pathway.

A

sound localization; ONE ear; primary auditory cortex

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19
Q

T/F: The direct pathway will process information about pitch and volume from one ear and convey that information ultimately to ipsilateral primary auditory cortex.

A

false – the direct pathway will process information about pitch and volume from one ear and convey that information to CONTRALATERAL primary auditory cortex

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20
Q

Where does the integration of sound coming from both ears occur in horizontal plane mapping?

A

the superior olivary complex (SOC)

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21
Q

Describe the mapping of interaural time differences (ITD) and where it occurs.

A
  • mechanism of horizontal plane mapping (both ears), used to map location of low frequency sounds (including speech)
  • occurs in the medial superior olivary nucleus (MSO)
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22
Q

Describe the mapping of interaural intensity differences (IID) and where it occurs.

A
  • mechanism of horizontal plane mapping (both ears), used to map location of high frequency sounds
  • occurs in lateral superior olivary nucleus
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23
Q

The auditory system maps the localization of low frequency sounds in the horizontal plane by determining which of the following?

A: By comparing sounds that reach the tympanic membrane directly or indirectly in one ear.

B: By comparing the differences in the timing of sounds arriving at both ears.

C: By comparing the differences in intensity of sounds arriving at both ears.

A

B – interaural time differences are best for mapping low frequency sounds (like speech)

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24
Q

Interaural intensity differences are best for mapping what type of sound?

A

high frequency

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25
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

transverse temporal gyri of the temporal lobe

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26
Q

T/F: Neurons in primary auditory cortex are arranged in frequency columns.

A

true

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27
Q

What are the 4 association areas for auditory processing?

A
  1. wernicke’s area
  2. broca’s area
  3. Temporal areas for integration with the “what/who” (ventral) stream of vision
  4. Parietal areas for integration with the “where/how” (dorsal) stream of vision
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28
Q

What type of functions does wernicke’s area process?

A

receptive language functions

29
Q

What type of functions does broca’s area process?

A

expressive language functions

30
Q

What is the functional significance of the ventral (what/who) stream of vision?

A

Perception for object identification and face recognition

31
Q

What is the functional significance of the dorsal (where/how) stream of vision?

A

perception for planning action

32
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

Loss of hearing related to the inability to propagate sound waves through the ear to be processed in the cochlea

33
Q

List and describe 3 common causes of conductive hearing loss.

A
  1. Otosclerosis: tissue overgrowth that results in fixation of the stapes in the oval window.
  2. Otitis externa (swimmer’s ear): an infection involving the auditory canal.
  3. Otitis media: infection of the middle ear; damage to the tympanic membrane.
34
Q

Damage to which of the following structures can cause conductive hearing loss?

A: cochlea
B: tympanic membrane
C: cochlear nerve

A

B

35
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Damage to the cochlea, cochlear portion of CN VIII, or the cochlear nuclei that can range from decreased hearing to complete deafness in the involved ear (ipsilateral to lesion)

36
Q

Damage to what elements of the auditory system can cause conductive hearing loss?

A

peripheral elements – external or middle ear

37
Q

List the 3 structures that can cause sensorineural hearing loss when damaged:

A
  1. cochlea
  2. cochlear nerve
  3. nuclei
38
Q

During a Weber test your patient reports hearing the sound louder in the left ear. You follow this by performing a Rinne test. During the test the patient reports hearing the sound in the left ear during the bone conduction phase of the test but not during the air conduction phase of the test. When testing the right ear they report hearing the sound during both the bone and air conduction phases of the test. Based on these results you determine which of the following?

A: The patient has sensorineural hearing loss in the left ear.

B: The patient has sensorineural hearing loss in the right ear.

C: The patient has conductive hearing loss in the left ear.

D: The patient has conductive hearing loss in the right ear.

A

C conduction phase of the Rinne test.

39
Q

Describe the results of a Weber and Rinne test if the patient has CONDUCTIVE hearing loss.

A

Weber test: patient will experience the sound as being louder on the affected side (lateralized toward the affected ear) – occlusion effect

Rinne test: patient will hear the sound during bone conduction, but not during air conduction (air conduction normally should be 2x longer than that of bone conduction)

40
Q

Describe the results of a Weber and Rinne test if the patient has SENSORINEURAL hearing loss.

A

Weber test: patient will experience the sound as being louder on the non-affected side (lateralize away from the damaged ear).

Rinne test: air conduction and bone conduction time ratios will remain the same but the duration of both will be reduced as compared to non-affected side.

41
Q

What is central deafness?

A

Secondary to damage to the central auditory pathways (e.g. BS; MGB in thalamus; auditory cortex) that alter perception of sound but do not usually produce significant hearing loss.

42
Q

T/F: When extending your head in the shower to rinse shampoo from your hair, you are performing movement of the head around the Y axis.

A

true – rotational movements around the Y axis (aka pitch) are motions involving flexion and extension of the head

43
Q

Which structures are contained in the vestibule?

A

otolith organs

44
Q

Name the otolith organs

A

utricle and saccule

45
Q

What movements do the utricles detect?

A

Left or right head tilts relative to gravity (roll - X axis) and translational movement along the Y (stepping to the side)

46
Q

What movements do the saccules detect?

A

Forward or backward head tilts relative to gravity (pitch/yes - Y axis) and translational movement along the X (walking/running) and Z (jumping)

47
Q

Which structure transduces rotational head movements (angular accelerations)?

A

semicircular canals

48
Q

Where are the hair cells of the semicircular canals located?

A

in the ampulla

49
Q

Where are the hair cells of the otolith organs located?

A

in the macula

50
Q

Describe the functional relationship between the vertical semicircular canals.

A

The anterior & posterior canals on opposite sides form functional pairs - when one is excited, the other is inhibited on the opposite side (e.g. right anterior excited, left posterior inhibited

51
Q

Describe the functional relationship between the right and left horizontal semicircular canals.

A

functional pair – when one is excited, the other is inhibited

52
Q

T/F: When the anterior semicircular canal on the left side is excited, the posterior semicircular canal on the right side is excited.

A

false – the anterior and posterior canals on opposite sides form a functional pair such that when one is excited the other will be inhibited.

53
Q

T/F: When the stereocilia of the hair cells are deflected toward the tallest stereocilia, the hair cell will hyperpolarize.

A

false – cation channels open and K+ rushes into the cell, DEpolarizing the hair cell

54
Q

Which of the following structures will sense rotational movements around the x and y axes?

A: horizontal semiciruclar canals

B: anterior and posterior semicircular canals

C: utricle and saccule

A

B

55
Q

The horizontal canals sense _________ movements around the __ axis

A

rotational; Z-axis (yaw)

56
Q

Which of the following best describes what happens secondary to a head turn to the right?

A: The left horizontal semicircular canal afferents will become excited, and the right semicircular canal afferents will become inhibited.

B: The right horizontal semicircular canal afferents will become excited, and the left semicircular canal afferents will become inhibited.

C: Both the right and left semiciruclar canal afferents will become excited.

A

B

57
Q

T/F: A head tilt relative to gravity will cause some hair cells of the otolith organs to depolarize and others to hyperpolarize.

A

true – hair cells of the otolith organs are polarized based on their location relative to the striola; thus, the same shearing force produced by a head tilt relative to gravity can cause some hair cells to depolarize and others to hyperpolarize.

58
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects the function of the vestibulo-ocular network, in response to a head turn to the right?

A: Excitation of the right horizontal canal will activate motor neurons of the right abducens and left oculomotor nucleus in order to produce compensatory eye movements to the left.

B: Excitation of the left horizontal canal will activate motor neurons of the right abducens and left oculomotor nucleus in order to produce compensatory eye movements to the right.

C: Excitation of the right horizontal canal will activate motor neurons of the left abducens and right oculomotor nucleus in order to produce compensatory eye movements to the left.

A

C -

59
Q

Which of the following primitive reflexes would result in an increase in extensor tone in the limbs on the right side and an increase in flexor tone in the limbs on the left side secondary to a head turn to the right?

A: Tonic labyrinth reflex
B: Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex
C: Symmetrical tonic neck reflex

A

B

60
Q

T/F: The medial vestibulospinal tract will play an important role in righting reactions.

A

true – projects bilaterally to innervate motor and interneurons in the cervical regions of the SC which output to our neck musculature –> typical head righting reactions

61
Q

Which of the following networks contributes to our bodily self-consciousness?

A: Vestibulo-ocular network
B: Vestibulospinal network
C: Vestibulothalamocortical network

A

C

62
Q

List the 3 ways the vestibulothalamocortical network contributes to bodily self-consciousness?

A
  1. conscious perception of movement
  2. spatial orientation and navigation
  3. contributes to sense of bodily self-consciousness
63
Q

What is the function of the vestibulo-ocular network?

A

helps keep visual images stable on the retina despite head/body movements.

64
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal network?

A

coordinates head and body musculature needed for the mediation of reflexes and the maintenance of postural control.

65
Q

List the 3 integrated postural responses in the vestibulospinal network.

A
  1. righting reactions
  2. equilibrium reactions
  3. protective reactions
66
Q

Describe righting reactions (postural response).

A

reflexes designed to maintain correct orientation of head and body w respect to vertical

67
Q

Describe equilibrium reactions (postural response).

A

complex response to changes in posture or mvmt designed to restore disturbed balance (usually involves mvmt of trunk extremities in opp direction of opposing force)

68
Q

Describe protective reactions (postural response).

A

reflexes designed to protect the body and involve extension mvmts of the extremities in same direction of displacing force

NEURO (10 decks)

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