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NEURO > MODULE 7 > Flashcards

MODULE 7 Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Pain is an unpleasant sensation and an emotional experience.

A

true

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2
Q

Which of the following receptors will encode pain related to tissue damage that is well localized and contributes to the primary pain response?
A: thermoreceptors
B: mechanonociceptors
C: C-poly modal nociceptors

A

B

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3
Q

T/F: A potential consequence of peripheral sensitization is that a person may interpret non-noxious stimuli as painful.

A

False – this is a potential consequence of central sensitization as is called allodynia

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4
Q

Which of the following statements reflect changes associated with peripheral sensitization? Select all that apply.

A: nociceptors have a lower threshold for activation

B: nociceptors are more responsive to stimuli (higher firing rate when activated)

C: posterior horn cells have larger receptive fields

D: over activity of nociceptors results in an exaggerated response to painful stimuli in the area of tissue damage

A

A, B, & D

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5
Q

You are administering a pin prick test to assess Jasper’s ability to sense sharp/painful stimuli on Jasper’s upper limb. Which system are you activating?
A: Direct pathway of the ALS
B: Indirect pathway of the ALS
C: Trigeminal system

A

A

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6
Q

T/F: The indirect pathway of the ALS projects to multiple brain regions, including the brainstem, hypothalamus, thalamus, and frontal and limbic cortices.

A

true

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7
Q

The central processes of the primary afferents of the trigeminal system will descend as which tract to reach second order neurons in the spinal trigeminal nucleus?
A: anterior trigeminothalamic
B: spinal trigeminal
C: spinothalamic

A

B

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8
Q

T/F: The function of the optical apparatus is to refract light so that the visual image is appropriately projected onto the retina.

A

true

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9
Q

What are the 2 main structures that refract light?

A

cornea and lens

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10
Q

What function does the pupil serve?

A

regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

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11
Q

Light must pass through the ________ to reach the retina

A

vitreous body

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12
Q

T/F: There is no change in orientation of the image that is projected onto the retina.

A

false

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13
Q

Describe the orientation of the visual image when light is refracted.

A

inverted: superior parts of the visual field are projected onto the inferior part of the retina & inferior parts of the visual field are projected onto the superior parts of the retina

reversed: portions of the visual field closest to the nose (nasal fields of vision) are projected onto the lateral (temporal) portions of the retina & portions of the visual field that are further from the nose (temporal fields of vision) are projected onto the medial (nasal) portions of the retina.

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14
Q

Which refractory error of the eye results in difficulty seeing objects that are close up?

A: Astigmatism
B: Hyperopia
C: Myopia

A

B

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15
Q

A young child that presents with an atypical alignment of the eyes, with one eye positioned medially in the orbit has which type of strabismus?

A: Exotropia
B: Hyperopia
C: Esotropia

A

C

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16
Q

T/F: The photoreceptors are the sensory receptors of the neural retina and the bipolar cells provide the final neural output of the retina.

A

false – the photoreceptors ARE the sensory receptor,s but it is the retinal ganglion cells that provide the final output of the neural retina

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17
Q

Which of the following results in a selective loss of the central field of vision?

A: Age-related macula degeneration
B: Retinal detachment
C: Glaucoma

A

A

18
Q

Where are rods concentrated?

A

periphery of the retina

19
Q

Where are cones concentrated?

A

macula and fovea (fovea has no rods – blind spot)

20
Q

List the 3 types of vision rods contribute to.

A
  1. scotopic vision (vision under low light conditions)\
  2. peripheral vision
  3. night vision
21
Q

List the 3 types of vision cones contribute to.

A
  1. photopic vision (vision under well-lighted conditions)
  2. high acuity central field of vision
  3. color vision
22
Q

T/F: The rods and cones respond to the same wave lengths of light.

A

false

23
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of cones? Select all that apply.

A: They are concentrated in the fovea and macula.

B: They contribue to our peripheral fields of vision.

C: They allow us to have color vision.

D: They contribute to scotopic vision.

E: They contribute to high acuity vision alllowing us to discriminate the features of objects.

A

A, C, & E

24
Q

T/F: Photoreceptors depolarize in response to a light stimulus resulting in an increase in the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate.

A

false

25
Q

Which of the following statements best reflects the response patterns of on-bipolar and off bipolar cells to the release of glutamate by the photoreceptors?

A: The on-bipolar cell is depolarized while the off bipolar cell is hyperpolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.

B: The on-bipolar cell is hyperpolarized while the off bipolar cell is depolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.

C: Both cells are hyperpolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.

D: Both cells are hyperpolarized by the release of glutamate from the photoreceptor.

A

B

26
Q

When light hits the excitatory center of an on-ganglion p cell. Which of the following will occur?

A: The ganglion cell will increase and decrease its firing rate in syncrhony with the sine wave of the light stimulus.

B: The ganglion cell will increase its firing rate at the onset of the light stimulus and then again at the off-set of the light stimulus.

C: The ganglion cell will decrease its firing rate.

A

A

27
Q

T/F: The binocular field of vision is the field of vision that is seen with both eyes.

A

true

28
Q

Which of the following structures of the visual pathway contains information from both the right and left visual fields?

A: Optic tract
B: Optic nerve
C: Optic radiations

A

B

29
Q

Receptive field properties of cortical neurons in primary visual cortex allow for which of the following visual attributes to be discriminated? Select all that apply.

A: orientation
B: color
C: contrast
D: movement

A

All of the above

30
Q

The ventral stream of vision contributes to our ability to perform which of the following functions?

A: reach for a cup during breakfast

B: identify appropriate items needed for cooking a meal

C: wipe the tears from a child’s eyes

A

B

31
Q

Which of the following gyri corresponds to the primary somatosensory cortex?

A: Precentral gyrus
B: Postcentral gyrus
C: Posterior paracentral gyrus
D: Both B & C

A

D

32
Q

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is slowly adapting?

A: Merkel cell
B: Muscle spindle
C: Meissner’s Corpuscle
D: Golgi Tendon Organ

A

A

33
Q

T/F: The retrolenticular limb of the internal capsule contains the geniculocalcarine radiations.

A

true – geniculocalcarine (optic) radiations connects LGB to primary visual cortex

34
Q

Your have received orders for an OT evaluation to be conducted with a patient at bedside. Your review of the chart indicates that the patient sustained a cerebrovascular accident (stroke) in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). You anticipate seeing which of the following sensory deficits?

A: Possible loss of pain, temperature, touch, vibration and proprioception sensations from the left lower extremity.

B: Possible loss of pain, temperature, touch, vibration and proprioception sensations from the left upper extremity and face.

C: Possible loss of pain, temperature, touch, vibration and proprioception sensations from the right upper extremity and face.

D: Possible loss of pain, temperature, touch, vibration and proprioception sensations from the right lower extremity.

A

B – MCA supplies the right postcentral gyrus containing the sensory representation for the left upper extremity and face

35
Q

T/F: The on-bipolar cell turns on when light hits the photoreceptor.

A

true – when light hits the photoreceptor the receptor “turns off” meaning that there is a reduction in the release of glutamate; since this bipolar cell is inhibited by glutamate in the dark state; the reduction in glutmate releases this cell from inhibition and it turns on (becomes active)

36
Q

The cuneocerebellar tract carries ____________information from the ________ to the cerebellum.

A

unconscious proprioception; upper limb (arm and hand)

37
Q

Which of the following statements regarding the Anterior Lateral System (ALS) is false?

A: Axons of second order neurons (posterior horn cells) of the ALS will cross the spinal cord in the anterior white commissure.

B: The ALS system travels in the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord.

C: The ventral posteriomedial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus is the relay nucleus of the ALS

D: The ALS will be convey crude touch, pain and temperature information to the contralateral somatosensory cortex (primary sensory cortex).

A

C – the VPL nucleus is the relay nucleus of the ALS

38
Q

Which of the following sensory tests is used to assess the integrity of the posterior column medial lemniscus system?

A: Distinguishing between hot and cold sensory stimuli.
B: Localizing light touch
C: Distinguishing between sharp and dull stimuli (pin prick).
D: Localizing vibration.
E: Both B and D

A

E

39
Q

Your patient has sustained an injury to the left trigeminal nerve. Which of the following deficits do you NOT anticipate seeing during an evaluation of client factors (motor and/or sensory functioning).

A: Lack of reflexive blinking bilaterally when the the left cornea is touched.

B: Impairments in pain, temperature and touch sensation on the left side of the face.

C: Impaired jaw jerk reflex.

D: All of the above are possible

A

D

40
Q

T/F: The medial geniculate body is the thalamic relay nucleus for the visual system.

A

False – MGB is for auditory system; LGB (lateral geniculate body) for visual system

NEURO (10 decks)

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